Elements of Visual Arts

* Lines
* Colors
 ELEMENTS
OF THE
VISUAL ARTS !
To produce an awe-inspiring artwork, an
artist must know first the different principles
of art and the elements of the specific art he
is engaged in. Knowledge of the art
principles and the elements of the visual arts
is helpful in art production.
Line
 A line is a series of connected dots or a prolongation of a point to
show the shape of form of any piece of art. It is an important element
of visual arts because all painters, sculptors, and architects use lines as
springboard of their finished products.
Vertical Lines
 Vertical lines show height or statue, poise, balance, force, strength,
dignity, and dynamism. A tall tree, a standing man, a bird poised for
flight, and a flagpole are presented with vertical lines.
Horizontal Lines
 Horizontal lines indicate width, rest, repose, quietness, calmness,
serenity, infinity, contemplation, and inaction.
Diagonal Lines
 Diagonal lines manifest movement, action, and direction. A running
man, a flying bird, a galloping horse, a flowing river, and fireworks
displays diagonal lines.
Broken or Jagged Lines
 Broken or Jagged lines connote chaos, confusion, tension,
Straight Lines
 Straight lines exhibit steadiness, stiffness, stillness, inactivi
force. Inanimate objects like buildings and bridges are show
straight lines.
Curved Lines
 Compared to diagonal lines, curved lines whether conc
convex indicate movements that are smooth.
Repeating Lines
 Repeating lines are a succession of vertical (IIIIIIIIIII), hor
(-------), diagonal (//////// or \\\\\\\) or curved (CCCCC) lines
are used to show rhythm.
Contrasting Lines
 Contrasting lines are a combination of vertical and hor
lines (LLLLLLLLLL) or a combination of diagonal lines (X
or <<<<< or >>>>> ) in opposite directions.
Modified Lines
COLORS !
 Color is the most important and most noticeable of all
the elements of visual arts. Dependent on the presence of
light, it is that properly of an object that makes it
appealing to the visual sense. Colors are classified in
several ways. Based on how they are produced, colors are
classified into primary, secondary, and intermediate.
According to their position in the color wheel, they are
adjacent, analogous, complimentary, split complimentary,
or triadic. Based on their effect on the visual sense, they
are either cool or warm. According to value, they are
either light or dark. Based on intensity, they are either
bright or dark.
Traditional Model
• Traditional color
theory is a
qualitative attempt
to organize colors
and their
relationships. It is
based on Newton’s
color wheel, and
continues to be the
most common
system used by
artists.
Primary Colors
Primary colors are blue, red, and yellow (BRY). They are
described as primary colors because they are first to be
produced and the rest of the colors are produced as a
result of their combination.

Secondary Colors
Secondary colors are green, orange, and violet (GOV).
They are produced by combining two primary colors.
For example, green is a product of combining blue and
yellow, orange is a product of combining red and
yellow, and violet is a product of combining red and
blue.
Intermediate Colors
 intermediate colors are red-violet (RV), red-orange (RO),
yellow-orange (YO), yellow-green (YG), blue-green (BG), and
blue-violet (BV). They are produced by combining one primary
color and one secondary color.

Adjacent Colors
 Adjacent colors are those colors situated next to each other in
the color wheel. Examples are red and red-orange, yellow and
yellow green, and blue and blue-violet.
Analogous Colors
 Analogous colors are three or four neighboring colors with
one color in all mixtures.
Complementary Colors
 Complementary colors are those colors situated opposite
each other in the color wheel. Examples are red and green,
blue and orange, and yellow and violet. Double
complementary colors are two pairs of opposite colors.
Split Complementary Colors
 Split complementary colors are any three colors forming a
Y in the color wheel. Double split complementary colors are
any two sets of three colors forming a Y in the color wheel.
Triadic Colors
 Triadic colors are a set of three colors forming a triangle in
the color wheel.
Cool Colors
 Cool colors are those that are inconspicuous and not striking to the eyes. Also called
receding colors, they suggest distance, tranquility, sobriety, and restfulness.
Warm Colors
 Warm colors are those colors that are conspicuous and striking to the eyes. Also called
advancing colors, they suggest warmth, vivacity, cheerfulness, exultation, stimulation,
instinctive action and excitement.
Light Colors/Tints
 Light colors or tints are those colors with values lower
than the normal value. For example, pink or fuchsia is a tint
of red and azure (sky blue) is a tint of blue.
Dark Colors/Shades
 Dark colors or shades are those colors with values higher
than the normal value.
Rainbow or Primatic Colors
 Prismatic or rainbow colors are those colors that form a
rainbow or a prism.
Neutral Colors
 Neutral colors are those which serve to balance colors.
Examples are white, gray, black, brown, peach, cream,
gold, sliver, and bronze.
The Meaning of the different Colors

RED
Color of fire and blood
Warmest, most vigorous, most exciting
Stand for passion and energy
YELLOW
Color of light
Most brilliant, cheerful and exultant of the color
Suggest cheerfulness, magnificence, life,
splendors
GREEN Color for vegetation or Symbolizes
life and freshness

Violet Present shadows and mysteries

Black Despair, death, and pain

Orange Deliciousness and warmth

The color of the sky and of deepened

still water, Coolest and most tranquil
Orange
of the colors and arouses the feelings
of peace and quietness
 Psychology of Colors

Black - death and gloom White - purity and innocence

Green - feeling of well-being Blue - color of heaven

Red - anger and fear Orange - helps a person to be

assertive
White Roses
Denotes secrecy and several meaning such as
innocence, purity, reverence and humility
Secret affection for a special girl
Pink Roses - Grace and gentility
Deep Pink Rose - Gratitude and appreciation
Light Pink Roses - Sympathy
Red Roses - love you or Courage and fortitude
Joy and freedom or Jovial and
Yellow Roses - happy feelings when combined
with red roses
Coral/Orange Roses - Enthusiasm and desire
Red together w/ White Roses
Message of unity :
Three roses - I love you
Two roses - ready for marriage
One rose - simplicity
Painting
 DEFINITION
- Paintings is the art of
applying pigments to a
surface in order to present a
picture of the subject.
MEDIUM of Painting
The choice of the medium is a
crucial aspect in art production.
Mediums differ not only in their
inherent qualities but also in the
effects they produce. Luckily,
painters have a variety of
mediums to choose from.
 - Paintings - is that art of
creating meaningful effects on a
flat surface by the use of pigments.
Different mediums are used in
painting.
MEDIUM of Painting
• Oil and fresco
• Watercolor
• Tempera
• Pastel / Crayon
• acrylic
 SUBJECTS
- There are so many subjects that
can be presented in painting. The
prehistoric men painted animals
and other things of nature on walls
of caves. The early Egyptians
painted fragments of life stories of
the pharaohs.
 - The ancient Greeks and Roman
were so fond of their male and
female deities. The Renaissance
painters did portraits of Mary and
Jesus and depicted biblical stories.
Others had fun doing landscapes,
seascapes, cityscapes, and the
like.
PORTRAITURE
- Portraits are pictures of men
and women singly or
collectively.
- Nowadays, charcoal is one of the
mediums used in doing portraits.
 ANIMAL AND
PLANTS
- During the ancient times, man’s
priority concern was survival. In the
early stages of men’s development
(hunting and food-gathering), his
first encounters were with animals
and plants.
 STILL LIFE
- Still painting is a painting of
an inanimate object or a non-
living thing placed on the
table or another setting.
 STILL LIFE
- Still painting is a painting of
an inanimate object or a non-
living thing placed on the
table or another setting.
 COUNTRY LIFE
- Paintings living in the countryside
have access to scenes happening
daily in their community. Local
events such as a barrio fiesta, a
fluvial parade, a bountiful rice
harvest, a big catch of fishes, and a
natural calamity are exciting
painting subjects.
 LANDSCAPE
- Any of the land form can be the
subject of a landscape painting

SEASCAPE
- Any of the water forms can be
the subject of a seascape
painting.
 CITYSCAPE
- An aerial view of a city or a
portion of it can be the subject
of a cityscape painting.
 EVENT
- Events are among the favorite
subjects of painters. The
“Spolarium“ and the “Blood
Compact“ of Juan Luna and the
“Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Populace“ of Felix Resurreccion
Hidalgo are examples of such
subjects. “Moses Commanding the
Red Sea to Divide“ is another
illustration.
 Madonna of the rocks
RELIGIOUS
by Leonardo Da Vinci
ITEMS
- Religious items such as the Holy
Family, Madonna and Child, Jesus
Christ, angels, saints, and
religious objects are commonly
HOLY FAMILY
used subjects today as they were
during the Medieval and
Renaissance Period.
 TOOLS
- Just like any worker, a painter
makes use several tools in
completing his work.
- brush or brushes
- palette
- palette knife or spatula
- easel
 PALETTE KNIFE
Easel

BRUSHES
 Sculpture
* Sculpture is the art of craving or
otherwise forming a three-
dimensional work of art.
*Sculpture originate from the Latin
word "sculpre" meaning to crave.
* These are casting, modeling,
assembling, and constructing
materials into figures or forms.
• Sculpture - an artistic form in which hard or plastic
materials are worked into three-
dimensional art objects. The designs may be
embodied in freestanding objects, in reliefs on
surfaces
• Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that
operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic
arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used
carving and modelling, in stone, metal, ceramics,
wood and other materials but, since Modernism,
there has been an almost complete freedom of
materials and process.
 RELIEF SCULPTURE
Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted
elements remain attached to a solid background of
the same material. The term relief is from the Latin
verb relevo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is
to give the impression that the sculpted material has
been raised above the background plane

TYPE OF RELIEF SCULPTURE

High Relief

Low Relief
 High Relief
* A high relief is a relief
sculpture that is almost the
same as a free standing
sculpture but differ from latter
because it is attached so that
the back part cannot be seen
by an onlooker.
 Low Relief
* a low relief sculpture that is
almost the same ad a painting
because it is somewhat flat
and attached to a surface but
differs from the latter
because it has volume and
the medium used varies from
the medium used painting.
 Mediums
* anything that can be used
to form a three -
dimensional figure is likely
medium of sculpture.
*wood,stone,paper,cloth,gla
ss,cement and plastic
*Subtractive Sculpture - In subtracted
sculpture, the sculpture removes the
unnecessary parts of medium he uses to
form the desire figure.
 Two Group of Mediums
*Additive Sculpture - In additive sculpture simply
puts together the materials to come up with the
desire figure.
 Mediums
Stone - is the hard and brittle substance formed from mineral and earth materials.
The finished product is granular and dull in appearance.
Marble – is limestone in a more or less crystalline state sufficiently close in texture
and capable of taking a high polish, occurring in many varieties.
Limestone – has a fine and even texture. Its color ranges from light to buff, and
from light gray to a darker bluish gray. It lends itself very well to carving.
Jade – is a fine, colorful stone, usually green, and used widely in Ancient China. It
is highly esteemed as an ornamental stone for carving and fashion jewelry.
Ivory - This comes from the main parts of tusks of elephants, is the hard white
substance used to make carvings and billiard balls.
Metals - Include any of a class of elementary substances such as gold, silver, or
copper all of which are crystalline.
Bronze - Is one of the oldest alloys of metal composing chiefly of copper and tin
which color and is one of the most universally popular metals for sculpture.
Brass - An alloy of copper and zinc is not popularly used by artists because of its
limitations as a medium.
Gold and silver are used as casting materials for small objects like medals and
coins.
Lead - A bluish gray metal, flexible and permanent material.
Plaster - Is a composition of lime, sand, and water. Plaster is used on an
armature.
Clay - Is a natural earthy material that has the nature of plasticity when wet.
Glass - Is a medium that is hard, brittle, non-crystalline, more or less
transparent substances produced by fusions.
Wood - As a medium perhaps easier to carve than any other mediums.
Terra cotta - Is the tenders of sculptural materials. Most oriental sculpture
deals in this medium. This is used in vase, figurines, and in small thins.
 Subjects in sculpture
People - Important personages such as heroes and saints are the most common
subjects of sculpture. Examples are St. Lorenzo Ruiz, St. Nicolas or Santa
Claus, and Lapu-Lapu, all in Luneta, are political figures in sta. Cruz, and a
Filipino mother also in Luneta
Animal and Plant - Animals and plants are among the sculptors' favorite
subjects. The Philippine eagle, the tamaraw, and the lion are examples of
animal sculptures. Papier Mache is a popular method of producing such
sculptures.
Places - Sculptures of places are rare. An example of these is the Philippine
map. The defunct Nayong Pilipino used to house the replicas of the Philippine
tourist spots, namely: the Mayon Volcano in Albay, the Chocolate Hills in Bohol,
and the Rice Terraces in Banaue
Events - Historical, biblical, and other events are also subjects of sculptural
works. The "Cry of Pugad Lawin' is found in Caloocan City; the dioramas of
major events in Philippine history are found in Ayala Museum in Makati City; and
the sculptures of geological events are located in the National Museum at the
Rizal Park. The return of Gen. Douglas MacArthur, in Intramuros, "The Last
Supper of Christ” and the "Three Kings' Visit to Christ" illustrate events as
sculptural pieces
Religious Items - Besides the images of martyrs and saints, sculptures of
religious nature abound. The Ifugao bulol, the Christ's relief, Michelangelo's
"Pieta" in Italy, and the Philippine "Pieta" in Malate Church are examples.

OTHERS
Mythological beings such as deities and
centaurs and strange objects are Subject
of Sculpture. Just are symbolic scenes.
ARCHITECTUR
E
 Architecture
Is the art and science of designing and constructing
buildings, bridges and other structured to satisfy
individual and communal needs
The profession of designing building, open areas
communities, and other artificial constructions and
environments, usually with some regard to aesthetic
effect. Architecture often includes design or
selection of furnishing and decorations, supervision
of construction word and the examination,
restoration, or remodeling of existing buildings
Primitive men used to live in caves primarily because
they did not have the tools for building houses and
were not equipped with the knowledge of
construction. When they began making implements,
they started constructing tree houses and similar
dwelling places. Through the years, the structures
that sheltered men have continuously improved. With
the Industrial Revolution and the introduction of steel
and other construction materials, high-rise buildings
mushroomed.
 Kinds of Architectural Construction
Post and Lintel
• consist of a horizontal beam called lintel and two
vertical post to support.
• In architecture, post and lintel (also called prop and
lintel or a trabeated system) is a building system where
strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical
elements with large spaces between them. This is
usually used to hold up a roof, creating a largely open
space beneath, for whatever use the building is
designed for. The horizontal elements are called by a
variety of names including lintel, header, architrave or
beam, and the supporting vertical elements may be
called columns, pillars, or posts. The use of wider
elements at the top of the post, called capitals, to help
spread the load, is common to many traditions.
 Cantilever

similar to the post and lintel, the cantilever has

two vertical posts for support and a horizontal
beam with one end more extended than the
other. Oftentimes, steel is used for this type of
architectural construction because of its
tensile strength. At times, wood is also used
but less frequently because of its tendency to
warp, sag, and rot.
 Arch
• consist of several wedge-shaped blocks of
stone called “Voussoirs” held together by a
key stone. It serves to support other
structures such as roofs and to be a symbolic
gateway. The Arch of Triumph in Paris,
France, illustrates this type of architectural
construction introduced by the Romans and
dominant in Roman architecture'
 Dome
Is large hemispherical rood or ceiling that looks
like an inverted cup. It is an extension of the
principle of the arch of enclosing a wide area. It
is an-extension of the principle of the arch
capable of enclosing a wide area, "'The Dome
of the Rock' in Jerusalem is a classic example of
this type of architectural construction.
 Truss
• consists of a braced framework of
beams or bars forming one or
more triangles. An assemblage of
beams forming a right framework,
it is usually used to support the
roof .
 Vault
The vault is an arched structure of masonry
usually forming a roof or ceiling. Similar to
the dome, it is an extension of the principle
of the arch capable of enclosing a vast
expanse of space. It has several types,
namely; barrel vault, groined vault' cross
vault' Welsh vault' and cloister vault.
 Mediums
• classified into light and heavy materials. Light
materials include paper , nipa, bamboo, and
other light wood. All, except paper , form part
nipa huts and similar dwellings in tropical
countries. The advantage of these material is
that they allow for good ventilation, but their
disadvantage is that they are not resistant to
fire and natural elements.
 HISTORY

HISTORY
Prehistoric Period
•The caves used to be the first dwellings of the stone age
men.
•They began constructing their tree houses with the use
of materials indigenous in their surroundings.
•The Egyptians were among the ancient civilizations who
came up with enormous Architectural works.
These structures are more complex than their earlier counterpart,

Mastaba, a chamber of the dead.

The Babylonians also constructed their own structures, The
famous of which are:

The Hanging Garden of Babylon (Another Ancient Wonder )

Tower of Babel
Definition
• Music is the art of
combining sounds of
varying pitch to
produce a coherent
composition that is
melodious, harmonious,
Music isintelligible,
an art form, and and
culturalexpressive
activity, whose
of ideas and
medium is sound. General
emotions.
definitions of music include
common elements such as
pitch, rhythm, dynamics, and
the sonic qualities of timbre
ELEMENTS
• Similar to the visual
arts,the audio-visual arts
have their respective
elements.Music has its
own set of elements;
dance has another set;
and drama has still
another
set.However,there are
 • PITCH-is the relative highness or
lowness of a tone. Volume or
Intensity - Volume is the loudness or
softness of a sound. It ranges from
very soft (pianissimo) and soft
(piano) to very loud (fortissimo) and
loud (forte). The volume is louder
when a singer belts out compared to
the volume when he simply
whispers.

Pitch is a perceptual property of sounds that allows

their ordering on a frequency-related scale, or more
commonly, pitch is the quality that makes it possible
to judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense
associated with musical melodies.
• Volume or Intensity-
volume is the loudness or
softness of a sound.It ranges
from very soft (pianissimo)
and soft (piano) to very loud
(fortissimo) and loud
(forte).The volume is louder
when singer belts out
compared to the volume
when he simple whispers.
• Tempo or Rate- tempo is the speed of
a composition or any of its sections.
Ballads have a slow tempo,whereas
dance songs have fast rate.Terms such
as allegro (fast), vivace
(lively),moderato (moderate speed),
andante (moderately slow), adagio
(slower than andante),lento (slow), and
largo (very slow) are related to tempo.
• Duration- is the length of time during
which a sound is produced. Some
sounds are longer than the others.
• Timbre or Tone Color-
timbre is the quality of sound
that makes it distinct from
other sounds. Thus, a listener
can distinguish the voices of
• Regine
Rhythm-isVelasquez, Jaya, Janno
the consistent
Gibbs, and Ogie Alcasid.
pattern or succession of
identical or similar sound.
This is illustrated by the
succession of similar sounds
in a song, as follows:
• Melody- is the series of consecutive
tones that vary in pitch and duration
but form a line of individual
significance and expressive value. It is
an orderly succession of tones or
musical sound. It is the one
remembered by a listener or the one
he whistles or hums, especially so
when he does not know the lyrics.
.
 • Harmony-is the
simultaneous sounding of two
or more tones. When three or
• Texture-
more tonesisare
thesounded
number of
simultaneously,
tones expectedthree
to beexists a
cord.
• Form- is the overall
apprehended
organization
simultaneously. of the
composition. It is
associated with shape,
structure, coherence.
KINDS
• According to Boethius,the most
eloquent music writer of the Middle
Ages,there are three types of
music.These are musica
Musica mundana is music created by the orderly
mundana,musica humana,musica
relationships found among the planets and the
instrumentalis.
changing seasons of the world. Musica humana is
music created by human beings, by the unity of the
body and the soul. Musica instrumentalis is music
created by musical instruments (Lamucho et al.,
2003). Moreover, music is, classified into vocal
music, instrumental music, and a combination of
the two.
• Vocal Music- is
music produced by
the voices of
singers.The singing
is done without the
accompaniment of
musical
• Instrumental
instruments.Vocal
Music- is music
music is rendered a
produced
acappella.by musical
instruments. It is
exemplified by an
orchestra performing
• Mixed Music or Mixed
Ensemble- mixed music is a
combination of vocal music
and instrumental music.Mixed
ensembles usually perform in
Mass,Requiem
Mass,opera,oratorio,and
cantata.Even a symphony
orchestra may employ a vocal
soloist or a chorus.
 MEDIUMS
• The media of music are
classified into vocal
(voices) and instrumental
(musical instruments)
• Vocal Media - as the term suggests, pertain to
male and female voices.
• Male Voices - male voices have three registers:
bass (lowest), baritone (middle), and tenor
(highest). The lowest of the male vocal registers
is the basso profundo.
• Female Voices - female voices also have three
registers: alto (lowest), mezzo soprano (middle),
and soprano (highest). The highest of the female
vocal registers is the coloratura soprano.
• Instrumental Media - pertain to the different
instruments played by musicians. Most of these
instruments form part of the orchestra. Based on
how their sounds are produced, they are
classified into string or stringed, wind,
percussion, and keyboard instruments.
• String/Stringed Instruments - as
their names suggests, have strings
which are either plucked or bowed.
The plucked strings are guitars,
ukeleles, banjos, mandolins, harps,
and the erstwhile lyres. The bowed
strings are violins, violas, violincellos
or cellos, and double basses or
contra basses.
• Wind Instruments - as their name
suggest, require wind to produce sound so
they are blown. Based on the materials that
are used to create them, they are classified
into woodwind instruments and brass
instruments. The piccolos, flutes, oboes,
english horns, clarinets, bass clarinets,
bassoons, and contra bassoons are the
• Percussion Instruments - are
beaten or struck. They come in
variety of forms. The drums ( kettle
drums, snare drums, side drums,
etc.), glockenspiels, xylophones,
marimbas, gongs, cymbals, triangles
and chimes belong to this group.
• Keyboard Instruments - as their
name suggests, have keys which are
pressed to produce the desired
sounds. They include the piano, the
organ, the celesta, the piano
accordion, and the harmonium.
 NOTABLE
ARTISTS
 LOCAL COMPOSERS
• Abdon, Bonifacio - the first
Filipino conductor of opera
was among the first
composer who elevated
Kundiman to artistic level.
• Abelardo, Nicanor - a
native of Bulacan, Abelardo
raised the Kundiman genre to
art-song status. At the age of
eight, he wrote his first song
• Aguilar, Freddie - known as the " Bob Dylan Of The
Philippines " Aguilar raised, folk music to the
mainstream level. His ground breaking single, "
Anak ", which lost in the Metro pop music festival,
was released in 56 countries and translated into
more than 26 foreign languages.
• Alcasid, Herminio Jr (born August 27, 1967) -
popularly known as Ogie, Alcasid is a singer, song-
writer, television host, actor, comedian, and
enterpreneur.
• Ayala, Joey - an advocate of environmental
protection, Ayala composed songs with nature
humanity and dying tribes and cultures as themes.
• Cayabyab, Ryan (born May 4, 1954) - a holder of
bachelor of music, major in composition degree from
UP College of Music, Cayabyab first earned the
degree of Bachelor Of Business Administration of the
same University.
Note: submit your answer one week after this lesson.
THANK YOU
