INCA Map Quiz 2024

SATELLITE IMAGE
Dr. Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay
Director
Centre for Environmental Studies
&
Head
Dept. of Remote Sensing and GIS,
Vidyasagar University,
Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India
 Introduction

 Satellite : an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour.
Also known as artificial satellite.
 Remote Sensing : the acquisition of information about an object or
A painting of the Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux

phenomenon, without making physical contact with the object.

 Satellite Images : Satellite images are images of Earth collected by
imaging satellites that are operated either by governments or companies.
Satellite images are one of the most powerful and important tools we have
An image from the painted Gallery at Lascaux
for monitoring the earth.
 Cave painting : As you may know, before man had a writing language ,
stories and history were passed down in other ways . We will explore cave
paintings today as the prehistoric way of recording important events.

Another painting from Lascaux

 Principal Components of Satellite

Transponder and antenna system.

Power Package.
Control and information system & rocket thruster system.
 Orbit

Geostationary Orbit : If a satellite follows an orbit parallel to the equator in the same
direction as the earth's rotation and with the same period of 24 hours, the satellite will
appear stationary with respect to the earth surface.
Sun synchronous Orbit: is a near polar orbit whose altitude is such that the satellite will
always pass over a location at a given latitude at the same local solar time respect to the
earth surface.
 Resolutio
n
In remote Sensing the term Resolution is used to represent the resolving power, which
includes not only the capability to identify the presence of two objects, but also their
properties.
 In qualitative terms Resolution is the amount of details
that can be observed in an image. Thus an image that
shows finer details is said to be of finer resolution
compared to the image that shows coarser details.
 Four types of Resolution determined by user needs:
I. Spatial Resolution II. Spectral Resolution
III. Temporal Resolution IV. Radiometric Resolution
 Resolutio
n

Four kinds of resolution are :

 Spatial Resolution : How small an object do you need to see (Pixel size) and how large an
area do you need to cover (Swath width) .
 Spectral Resolution : What part of the spectrum do you want to measure.

 Radiometric Resolution : How finely do you

need to quantify the data.
 Temporal Resolution : How often do you
need to look.
 Sensor
 Sensor systems are of two types: System
Imaging and Non-imaging
 Non-imaging sensors :
Sounders and altimeters for measurement of high accuracy topographic profiles.
Spectrometers or spectroradiometers for measurement of high spectral resolution along track lines or
swaths.
Radiometers, scatterometers and polarimeters for high accuracy intensity measurements and polarization
changes measurements along track lines or wide swaths.
 Imaging sensors :
Imaging Sensor systems are of two types: Framing and Scanning
Framing systems- images of the target are taken frame by frame (e.g. photographic film and return beam
videcon)
Scanning systems- across track scanners (Whiskbroom) and along track scanners (push broom)
 Types of Satellite
Imagery
Satellite imagery based on passive reflectivity comes in 4 basic types, which are visible,
infrared, multispectral, and hyperspectral.
Visible : Visible data consists of pixels composed of color values of red, green, and blue to
make three bands of data on a raster image.
Infrared : Infrared imagery usually consists of the images that include the visible
channels as well as some range of the infra-red spectrum.
Multispectral : Multispectral data include up to 7-12 channels of data
Hyperspectral : Hyperspectral can be up to 50 bands or more of data collected over
discrete bandwidths of the electromagnetic spectrum .
 Satellite Image Acquisition
Methodology
The satellites collect the images by scanning along a line which is called the scan line.
For each line scanned by the sensors of the satellites there is a unique perspective center and
a unique set of rotation angles.

The location of the perspective center relative

to the scan line is constant for each line as the
interior orientation parameters and focal length
are constant fora given scan line.

Since the motion of the satellite 1s smooth and linear over the entire length of the scene, the
perspective centers of all scan lines in a scene are assumed to lie along a smooth line
 Application of Satellite
Image
 Urban Planning : Satellite images can provide detailed analysis for detecting major changes in the urban
land cover and land use that allows frequent coverage and overlaying of different time sequences to classify
environmentally safe and sustainable areas for any proposed development areas. Thus, satellite imagery can
play a crucial role in ensuring sustainable urban planning & development.
 Urban Waste Management : Remote sensing images can act as an important tool for identification and
the study of the development of inadequate waste disposal sites.
 Managing Disaster Recovery : Remote sensing technology can help a lot in disaster management. It has
been successfully used to assist risk reduction initiatives by identifying hazard zones. Meteorologists mostly
use imagery to provide warnings of potentially deadly weather conditions.
 Public Security & Safety : The satellite images have been used to monitor the infrastructure and natural
resources of countries for decades and also used in public safety and security to monitor disasters, traffic,
weather patterns, and more.
 Application of Satellite
Image
 Military Operations & Intelligence : Military operations and intelligence are two major fields where
satellite images have been used in the recent past. These images can be used to identify enemy positions,
measure length and distance as well as plan troop movements.
 Agriculture, Livestock, and Forestry Analysis : Satellite images have been used for years to help in
various fields in agriculture, forestry, and livestock. They can be used to map crop yields and monitor
deforestation.
 Mapping out Land Use & Surface Changes : With satellite images, it is possible to map out land use,
land cover & Surface Changes. This can be done by scanning the surface from space and comparing it to
previous images to see changes in construction, vegetation, deforestation, urbanization, and more.
 Space Science : Satellite images have a lot of uses in space science. They are used to study the Earth’s
atmosphere, monitor natural disasters, and map human activities.
 Indian Space Research
Organisation
The space research activities were initiated in our country during
the early 1960s
Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the founding father of Indian space
programme, quickly recognized the benefits of space technologies
for India.
Indian space programme had three distinct elements.
 Satellites for communication
 Remote sensing
 The space transportation system and application programmes
 IRS-1A SATELLITE
This is first indigenously built sun-synchronous polar orbiting
satellite.
Orbit Details
 Launch date : March 17, 1988 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)
 Altitude : 904 Kms.
 Inclination : 99.049 degrees
 Period : 103.19266 minutes
 Repetivity : 22 days
 Equatorial crossing time : 10.25 AM descending
 Weight : 975 Kg.
 Mission completed.
 IRS-1B SATELLITE
IRS-1B Satellite
This is similar to IRS-1A satellite in all aspects.
Orbit Details
 Launch date : August 29, 1991 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)
 Altitude : 904 Kms.
 Inclination : 99.049 degrees
 Period : 103.19266 minutes
 Repetivity : 22 days
 Equatorial crossing time : 10.25 AM descending
 Weight : 975 Kg.
 Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-I and LISS-II Cameras)
 Mission completed.
 IRS-P1 Satellite IRS-P2 Satellite
 IRS-P1 Satellite (Indigenously Launched (P) Orbit Details
Series)  Launch date : Oct. 15, 1994
 Launch date:20 September 1993  Altitude : 817 Kms.
 IRS-P series are being launched by indigenously  Repetivity : 24 days
developed polar launch vehicle ( PSLV ).  Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-II
 Due to failure in last stage of rocket, satellite and Camera )
rocket were plunged into sea.  The Satellite is having only LISS-II Camera and
its parameters are similar to that IRS-1A/1B with
small modifications in arrangement of CCDs.
 Mission completed.
 IRS-1C Satellite IRS-P3 Satellite
Orbit Details
 Launch date:28 Dec 1995
 Launch date : March 21, 1996 (Indigenous
 Altitude : 817 Kms.
PSLV-D3 rocket is used)
 Inclination : 99.049 degree
 Altitude : 817 km.
 Period : 101.35 minutes
 Inclination : 99.049 degrees
 Repetivity : 24 days (5 days - revisit)
 Period : minutes
 No. of Sensors : Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III and 3)
 Repetivity : days
WiFS
 Equatorial crossong time : 10.30 AM
 Panchromatic Camera (PAN)
descending No. of Sensors : Two 1) WiFs, 2)
 Mission completed.
MOS Wide Field Sensor (WiFS)
 Parameters Specifications :Spectral Bands
(microns) B3 0.62 - 0.68
 Mission completed.
 IRS-1D Satellite IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1)
 Satellite entered in elliptical orbits instead of
 Launch Date : May 26, 1999 by indigenous PSLV
circular after it was separated from rocket.
Due to this problem, there is change in swath, rocket Payloads

resolution according to orbit distance from the  OCM (Ocean Colour Monitor) with 8 spectral bands

earth center. for the measurements of physical and biological

 Launch date : Sept. 29, 1997 (indigenous oceanographic parameters.
PSLV-D4 rocket was used)  In service.
 Equatorial Crossing time: 10.40 A.M
 Altitude : 737 Km(Perigee)/821 Km.
(Apogee) Repetivity : 24 days; ( 3 days
revisit)
 No. of Sensors : Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III
and 3) WiFS
 In service
TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENT IRS-P6(ResourceSat)
SATELLITE(TES)
 Launch Date : Launched on Oct. 17, 2003 PSLV-C5

 Mission type: Earth Observation. Payloads

 It will be the state-of-art satellite,
 Launch date:October 22, 2001
 Have 3 band multispectral LISS-IV camera with a spatial
 Launch vehicle: PSLV
resolution better than 5.86 m and a swath of around 25 km
 Carrier rocket: PSLV C3
with across track steerability for selected area monitoring.
 Launch site: Satish Dhawan  An improved version LISS-III with 4 bands (red, green, near
 Altitude: 568 km IR and SWIR ), all at 23 m resolution and 140 km swath will
 In service. provide the much essential continuity to LISS-III.
 Together with an advanced Wide Field Sensor (WiFS), with
80 m resolution and 1400 km swath.
 In service
Introduction of Landsat