EARTH

AND
SPACE
quarter 4 -
Teacher
science 6
faye
EARTH
SURFACE
Changes over time
as a result of its
interactions with the
atmosphere, natural
phenomena and
reactions to human
activities.
 chapter 1: the changes on the surface
of the earth
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES

01 02
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION
APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE

Describe the changes on the Enumerate what to do before,

during and after earthquake and
Earth’s surface as a result of
volcanic eruptions
earthquakes volcanic
eruptions.
EARTHQUAKE
that is caused S
A sudden shaking of the ground
by movements in
Earth’s outermost layer.

It can cause buildings and

bridges to collapse, disrupt
electricity and telephone
services, and even trigger other
disasters like landslides, fires
and floods.
LAYERS
OF THE
EARTH
 The Layers of the Earth
The earth is divided into three main layers namely the crust, the
mantle and the core. Understanding the different layers of the Earth
helps us learn about what the Earth is made of, how it is structured,
and how it behaves.
Crust Mantle Core
 Earth's Crust
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is the thinnest layer,
ranging from about 5 to 70 kilometers in thickness. The crust can be further
divided into two types: continental crust and oceanic crust.

Continental Crust Oceanic Crust

The continental crust is The oceanic crust is the

the thicker layer of the thinner layer of the
Earth's crust that is Earth's crust that is
found under the found under the ocean
continents. It is about 35 basins. It is about 7
kilometers thick on kilometers thick on
 Earth's Mantle
The mantle is the layer beneath the Earth's crust. It is the thickest layer. It is
composed of both solid rock and magma The mantle can be divided into an
upper and lower layer.
Upper Mantle Lower Mantle

The upper mantle is The solid lower mantle

relatively rigid and contains contributes to the overall
the asthenosphere, a semi- convection and heat transfer
fluid layer that allows the within the Earth's interior.
movement of tectonic plates. Temperature: 3700 degrees
Teamperature: 1000 degrees celcius
celcius
 Earth's Core
The core is the innermost layer of the Earth, situated beneath the mantle. It
is divided into two distinct regions: the outer core and the inner core.

Outer Core Inner Core

The outer core is a liquid The inner core is the

layer composed mainly of solid, central part of the
molten iron and nickel. earth. The core is
This layer is the cause of extremely dense and is
Earth’s magnetic field. the hottest layer.
TECTONIC PLATES
Alfred Wegener
and Theory of
Continental Drift
An Introduction
Alfred
Wegener
Wegener was a German
geophysicist and meteorologist.

He first presented his hypothesis

in 1912. In 1915, he published
“The Origin of Continents and
Oceans,” which contained his
theory on continental drift.
Continental
South
Jigsaw Puzzle America Africa

Wegener noticed that

continents resemble
The coastlines of South
jigsaw puzzle pieces. America and Africa match
and appear to fit together.
 Continental Drift Theory

PERMIAN
PRESENT DAY
250 million years ago

Then Now
Wegener proposed that all continents Pangea broke up millions of years
were once part of a single landmass ago, and continents began to “drift”
or supercontinent called the to reach their present-day positions.
Pangaea.
 Continental Drift Theory
How Pangea broke up and moved away from
each other to their current positions

CRETACEOUS
PRESENT DAY
65 million years ago
 What are Tectonic
Plates?
The Earth's crust is divided into large pieces called
tectonic plates. These plates float on the semi-fluid
mantle below them.
Divergent Tectonic Boundary

Convergent Tectonic Boundary

Transform Tectonic Boundary

 Types of Plate Boundaries

Divergent Plate Convergent Plate Transform Plate

 Divergent Boundaries
At divergent boundaries, plates
move away from each other. This
movement results in the creation
of new crust as magma rises
from the mantle, solidifies, and
form volcanic activity.
Rocks pulled at these boundaries gets thin in te middle and created
stress called tension. When rock breaks, the energy can separate land
masses and form seas, ocean, volcanoes, and ridges or rift valleys.
 Transform Boundaries
Transform boundaries occur when
two plates slide past each other
horizontally. The movement along
these boundaries can cause
earthquakes, as the plates grind
against each other.

Rocks at theses boundaries were pushed in two opposite

directions creating stress called shearing.
Convergent Boundaries
Convergent boundaries are
places where tectonic plates
collide or come together.

Rock is pressed creating stress

called compression. As it
squeezed, rock is forced
upward.
Convergent boundaries contribute to the formation of
mountains, volcanic activity, and earthquakes.
 Divergent
Boundaries
At divergent boundaries, plates move away from
each other. This movement results in the creation of
new crust.
Convergent
Boundaries
Convergent boundaries are places where tectonic
plates collide or come together. When two plates
meet, their interactions can result in various
geological phenomena.
Transform
Boundaries
Transform boundaries occur when two plates slide
past each other horizontally. The movement along
these boundaries can cause earthquakes.
Earthquake
 EARTHQUA
An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground
KE
caused by the movement of Earth's plates, often
resulting in damage to buildings and landscapes.
 Earthquake
It is a natural phenomenon
resulting from the release of
accumulated stress along
fault lines. Earthquakes can
occur along plate
boundaries, where tectonic
plates interact, or within the
interior of tectonic plates.
 FOCUS
The energy of these
colliding plates builds up
in the Earth’s crust until it
is released from the point
in the crust called focus.

Directly above the focus is

the epicenter of the
earthquake.
As two plates move against each other,
frictional force created.
MAGNITUDE INTENSITY

Is proportional to energy Is the strength of an

released by an earthquake at earthquake as perceived and
the focus. felt by the people in a certain
locality. The intensity is
generally higher near the
epicenter.
 SEISMOGRAPH

Is an instrument used to record the waves of energy

(seismic waves) released by the earthquake.
PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale
The Philippine Institute
of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
uses the PHIVOLCS
Earthquake Scale (PEIS)
as a guideline in
determining the
intensity of an
earthquake
 Effects of Earthquake
It can cause deformation of the ground.
A high magnitude of Disruptive up and down Sinking or tilting of
earthquake creates and sideways shaking of structure above
breakage called fissure. the ground can cause sediment may cause
Narrow to wide opening on damage or collapse of gasoline tanks to pop
the ground. structure.
out
 Effects of Earthquake
Earthquakes under the sea results
The movement of rocks in tsunami which causes coastal
may trigger lanslides and erosion, flooding, damage to
erosion. properties and drowning people.
 THE RING OF FIRE
A string of volcanoes
and sites of seismic
activity around the
edges of the Pacific
Ocean is referred to
as “The Ring of Fire,”

About 90% of all

earthquakes
happens along this
path. The Philippines
is part of The Ring of
Fire.
PREPAREDNESS
FOR
According to the National Earthquake
Information Center, there are about
20,000 earthquakes around the world
each year.
In the Philippines alone, about 20
earthquakes are recorded daily. Most
of these earthquakes are unfelt but
some can be destructive.
No one can tell when an earthquake will happen so it is
important to be prepared and stay calm.
THINGS YOU SHOULD DO:

1 2 3
BEFORE AN DURING AN AFTER AN
EARTHQUA EARTHQUA EARTHQUA
KE KE KE
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
Immediate Access
to Essentials
Prepared an emergency supply kit with first
aid kit, canned food and can opener, water,
clothing, blanket, battery-operated radio,
flashligts, and extra batteries.
Having emergency supplies in one place
ensures that you can quickly access them
during an emergency, even if regular
services or supplies are disrupted.
Focus on
Safety
Check stability of hanging objects like
ceiling fans and chandeliers.

Breakable items, harmful chemicals, and

flammable materials must be stored
properly.

Always turn off the gas tanks when not

in use.

Know the earthquake hazards (ground

rupture, landslide, liquefaction, tsunami)
in your area.
Participate in Earthquake
Drills in earthquake drills helps familiarize individuals with
Participating
the proper actions and procedures to follow during an earthquake. It
allows you to practice the "Drop, Cover, and Hold On" technique,
evacuation routes, and other safety protocols specific to your
location.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

1 2 3 4 5
Alarm Drop, Evacuate Gather and Assess
Cover, and Count
Hold
 Drop, Cover,
and Hold On
When you feel the shaking of an
earthquake, drop down to your hands and
knees. This position helps you stay
balanced and prevent being knocked
over.
Take cover under a sturdy piece of
furniture, such as a table or desk, to
protect yourself from falling objects and
debris.
Hold on to your sheltered position and
hold onto the furniture or other protective
structure until the shaking stops.
 Follow
Emergency
Protocols
Quickly open the door for
exit. During an earthquake, it
is generally not advisable to
use elevators or fire exits
unless specifically instructed
to do so by emergency
personnel or building
management.
Glass Hazards
Stay away from glass windows, shelves, cabinets, and other
heavy objects. When outside, stay away from trees, powerlines,
posts, and concre structures.
Be alert. Beware of falling debris.
 Watch for
Overhead
Hazards
During an earthquake, buildings may
experience structural damage, and there
is a risk of falling debris, such as bricks,
glass, or other materials. Being close to
buildings increases the chance of being
hit by falling objects, which can cause
severe injuries.
Posts, columns, or other vertical
structures may also be vulnerable during
an earthquake. They can topple or
collapse, posing a danger to anyone
nearby.
MOVE AWAY
Move away from steep slopes which may be
affected by landslides.

If you near the shore, move quickly to

higher grounds.

If you are in a moving vehicle, stop and get

out. Do not attempt to cross bridges,
overpasses, or flyovers which may have
been damaged.
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
DO NOT PANIC
Panicking can cloud your judgment and
impair your ability to think clearly. It
may lead to irrational actions or
decision-making that can increase the
risk of harm to yourself and others.
In an emergency, it is crucial to prioritize
your safety and the safety of those
around you. Panicking can distract you
from taking necessary precautions and
following proper safety procedures.
 DON’T USE
ELAVATORS
During an earthquake, it is
generally not advisable to use
elevators or fire exits unless
specifically instructed to do so by
emergency personnel or building
management.
It's important to familiarize yourself
with the emergency protocols and
evacuation procedures specific to
your building or location and follow
the guidance provided by
authorities during an earthquake.
Be prepared
for aftershocks
Once the shaking stops, be cautious.
Check yourself and others for injuries,
and if it is safe to do so, exit the building
and gather in an open area away from
buildings, trees, and power lines.
check
Check water and electrical lines for
damages.

Check for spills of chemical, toxic,

and flammable materials and
control fires which may spread
Be Updated
Evacuate if needed and bring your emergency supply
kit.

Keep updated on disaster on disaster prevention

instructions from the radio.
Remember!
it's important to practice
earthquake drills at home and at
school so that you are prepared
and know exactly what to do.
Being prepared and staying
calm are key to staying safe
during an earthquake.
 With a better understanding
of what to do during a
disaster, you might be able to
do less damage and save
more lives.
 THANK
I hope you learn something new!

YOU!