Lesson 1:
Functions:
Representati
on and
Evaluation
MATH001: GENERAL MATHEMATICS
OUTCOMES
OUTCOMES OF
OF LEARNING:
LEARNING:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be
able to:
1.Define relation and functions;
2.Illustrate functions using ordered pairs,
table of values, mapping diagrams, graphs,
equations, and real-life situations;
3.Determine if a given relation is a function
or not;
OUTCOMES
OUTCOMES OF
OF LEARNING:
LEARNING:
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be
able to:
4. Evaluate functions;
5. Evaluate Piece-wise function;
6. Solve problems involving functions and
piece-wise functions.
SHARE
SHARE YOUR
YOUR THOUGHTS
THOUGHTS
What comes in your mind
when you hear the word
RELATION?
RELATION
RELATION in
in MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS
Observe the given below:
A = {(3, 2), (-4,5), (-1, 0), (2, 9),
(4, 7)}
How will you describe the given?
Relation is a set of ordered pairs
(x,y)
RELATION
RELATION in
in MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS
A = {(3, 2), (-4, 5), (-1, 0), (2, 9), (4,
7)}
{-4, -1, 2, {0, 2, 5,
3, 4} 7, 9}
Where these sets of numbers came from?
RELATION
RELATION in
in MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS
A = {(3, 2), (-4, 5), (-1, 0), (2, 9), (4,
7)}
{-4, -1, 2, {0, 2, 5,
3, 4} 7, 9}
DOMAIN is the set of RANGE is the set of
all first (x) all second (y)
coordinates of the coordinates of the
relation. relation.
Note: Domain or Range should be written
in ascending order.
COMPARE!
COMPARE!
A = {(3, 2), (-4,5), (-1, 0), (2, 9)} NO REPEATED
ELEMENTS
B = {(2, 1), (-1,4), (2, -1), (5, -7)} WITH REPEATED
ELEMENTS
What have you noticed about the domain of
set A compare to set B?
RELATION
RELATION
FUNCTION NOT FUNCTION
A Function is a relation NOT a Function if any
in which EACH value in value in the domain is
the domain is related to related to MORE THAN
ONLY ONE value in the ONE value in the range.
range.
RELATION
RELATION
FUNCTION NOT FUNCTION
{(3, 2), (-4,5), (-1, 0), (2, 9)} {(2, 1), (-1,4), (2, -1), (5, -7)}
REPRESENTATION OF
FUNTIONS
1. Set of Ordered Pairs
2. Table of Values
3. Mapping Diagram
4. Graph
5. Equation
1.
1. SET
SET OF
OF ORDERED
ORDERED PAIRS
PAIRS
𝐹 = { ( 1, 1 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) , ( 4 ,6 ) , ( 8 , 9 ) } FUNCTION
𝐺= { (1 , 𝐴 ) , ( 2 , 𝐵 ) , ( 3 , 𝐶 ) , ( 4 , 𝐷 ) } FUNCTION
𝐻 ={ ( 𝟑 , 1 ) , ( 9 ,2 ) , ( 𝟑 , 7 ) , ( 8 ,5 ) } NOT FUNCTION
𝐼 = { ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 4 ,1 ) , ( 5 , 0 ) } FUNCTION
2.
2. TABLE
TABLE OF
OF VALUES
VALUES
X -3 -2 0 -2 3
NOT FUNCTION
Y 8 12 16 20 24
X -1 1 3 5 7
FUNCTION
Y 10 20 30 40 50
X 5 10 10 15 20
NOT FUNCTION Y -4 -2 0 2 4
3.
3. MAPPING
MAPPING DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM
CORRESPONDENCE:
1. One-to-one – every element of domain is
mapped to a unique element of range. Function
2. Many-to-one – if any two or more elements of
domain are mapped to the same element of
range. Function
3. One-to-many – if the element of domain is
mapped to any two or more elements in the
range. Not Function
3.
3. MAPPING
MAPPING DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM
STUDENTS ID NUMBERS
Mary 012 ONE-TO-ONE
FUNCTION
Bernard 158
Leo 347
3.
3. MAPPING
MAPPING DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM
TEACHERS STUDENTS
Allen ONE-TO-MANY
Mr. Cruz
Jenny NOT FUNCTION
Ms. ABAD
Mark
3.
3. MAPPING
MAPPING DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM
STUDENTS SCORES
Andrew MANY-TO-ONE
10
Leah FUNCTION
8
Kim
NOTE:
Each element of domain
should always have a
corresponding unique
element of range. If each
element of domain does not
have corresponding unique
element of range, then it is
NOT a FUNCTION.
4.
4. GRAPH
GRAPH
The Vertical Line Test for a
function states that if each vertical
line intersects a graph in the x-y
plane at exactly one point, then
the graph illustrates a function.
4.
4. GRAPH
GRAPH
FUNCTION NOT FUNCTION
5.
5. EQUATION
EQUATION
The equation cannot be
considered as function if:
1. There is no y in the equation;
2. The exponent of y is an even
number;
3. y is in the absolute value symbol
4. The relationship is not in the
equality form.
5.
5. EQUATION
EQUATION
𝑦 =2 𝑥 + 1 FUNCTION
2 2
𝑦 =𝑥 −3 NOT FUNCTION
4 𝑥 −1
𝑦 =
𝑥 +5
FUNCTION
2
𝑦 =𝑥 −7 FUNCTION
5.
5. EQUATION
EQUATION
2 2
𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 −6 NOT FUNCTION
l NOT FUNCTION
2
𝑥 − 8 NOT FUNCTION
FUNCTION
FUNCTION IN
IN REAL-LIFE
REAL-LIFE
Function. Each jeepney
A jeepney and its plate
can only be assigned to one
number
plate number.
NOT a Function. A person
A person and their phone
can have more than one
number
phone numbers.
All functions
are relations
but not all
relations are
functions.
EVALUATING
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
When you evaluate a function, it
means that you are going to solve
for the function by substituting the
certain value of the variable and
process the equation to come up
with the answer.
EVALUATING
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
4
(input)
(output)
Figure 2: A “function machine” processing
raw material to new product
EXAMPLES A:
Given the functions below:
find the following:
EXAMPLES
𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟑 𝒙 −𝟐
𝒇 (𝟓 )=𝟑(𝟓)−𝟐
𝒇 (𝟓 )=𝟏𝟓 − 𝟐
𝒇 (𝟓 )=𝟏𝟑
EXAMPLES
𝑔 (−𝟐 3 )
𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟐 𝒙 −𝟒𝟐𝟐𝒙 +𝟏
𝟐
𝒈 ( −𝟑 ) =𝟐 ( −𝟑 ) − 𝟒 ( −𝟑 ) +𝟏
𝒈 ( −𝟑 ) =𝟐 ( 𝟗 ) − 𝟒 ( −𝟑 ) +𝟏
𝒈 ( −𝟑 ) =𝟏𝟖+𝟏𝟐 +𝟏
𝒈 ( −𝟑 ) =𝟑𝟏
EXAMPLES
h (𝒙𝒙 −−4
𝟐
𝟐
)
𝒉 (( 𝒙
𝒉 𝒙))==𝟒 − 𝒙
𝟒−𝒙
𝟒
𝟒 −
− 𝟐
𝟐
𝒉 ( 𝟒 ) =
𝒉 ( 𝟒 ) =𝟒 − 𝟒
𝟒−𝟒
𝟐
𝟐
𝒉 ( 𝟒
𝒉 ( 𝟒 ) =𝟎) =
𝟎
𝒉 ( 𝟒 ) 𝒊𝒔𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
EXAMPLES
h ( 𝑥 ) 𝑤𝒙𝒙h−−𝑒𝑛
𝟐
𝟐
𝑥=8
𝒉 (( 𝒙
𝒉 𝒙))=
=𝟒 − 𝒙
𝟒−𝒙
𝟖
𝟖 −
− 𝟐
𝟐
𝒉 ( 𝟖 ) =
𝒉 ( 𝟖 )= 𝟒 − 𝟖
𝟒 −𝟖
𝟔
𝟔
𝒉 ( 𝟖 ) =
𝒉 ( 𝟖 )= − 𝟒
−𝟒
𝟑
𝒉 ( 𝟖 )=−
𝟐
EXAMPLES B:
Given the functions below,
find the following:
EXAMPLES
𝑚 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑤h𝑒𝑛 𝑥=−2
𝟑𝟑
𝒎 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟒 𝒙 +𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟑
𝒎 ( −𝟐 ) =𝟒 ( −𝟐 ) +𝟏𝟐
𝒎 ( −𝟐 ) =𝟒(− 𝟖)+𝟏𝟐
𝒎 ( −𝟐 ) =−𝟑𝟐+𝟏𝟐
𝒎 ( −𝟐 ) =−𝟐𝟎
EXAMPLES
𝑛( 3
𝟐
)
𝒏 ( 𝒙 )=𝟑𝒙 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒙 −𝟕
𝒏 ( 𝟑 )=𝟑 ( 𝟑 ) − 𝟐 (𝟑 ) − 𝟕
𝒏 ( 𝟑 )=𝟑(𝟗)−𝟐 ( 𝟑 ) −𝟕
𝒏 ( 𝟑 )=𝟐𝟕 −𝟔 −𝟕
𝒏 ( 𝟑 )=𝟏𝟒
EXAMPLES
𝑜 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑤𝒙h𝑒𝑛𝑥=3
𝟐
−𝟗
𝟐
𝐨 (( 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟗
𝒙 )) =
=
𝒙
𝒙 +𝟒
+𝟒
𝟐
(𝟑) −𝟗
𝟐
(𝟑) − 𝟗
𝐨 ( 𝟑 ) =
𝐨 ( 𝟑 )= 𝟑+ 𝟒
𝟑+ 𝟒
𝟗
𝟗 −
− 𝟗
𝟗
𝐨 (𝟑
( )
𝟑 )== 𝟑+ 𝟒
𝟑+ 𝟒
𝟎
𝟎
𝐨 (𝟑( )
)
𝟑 =𝟕 =
𝟕 𝒐 ( 𝟑 ) =𝟎
EXAMPLES
𝑜(
𝒙
4
−𝟗
𝒙 − 𝟗
) 𝟐
𝟐
𝐨 (( 𝒙
𝒙 )) =
=
𝒙
𝒙 +𝟒
+𝟒
𝟐
(𝟒) −𝟗
𝟐
(𝟒) − 𝟗
𝐨 ( 𝟒 ) =
𝐨 ( 𝟒 ) = 𝟒+𝟒
𝟒+𝟒
𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟔 −− 𝟗
𝟗
𝐨 (𝟒
( )
𝟒 )== 𝟒+ 𝟒
𝟒+ 𝟒
𝟕
𝟕 𝟕
𝐨 (𝟒( 𝟒 = 𝟖𝒐
)
) = ( 𝟒 )=
𝟖 𝟖
PIECEWISE
PIECEWISE
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
AA piecewise
piecewise function
function is
is aa
type
type of of function
function divided
divided into
into
different
different “subfunctions”
“subfunctions”
where
where eacheach “subfunction”
“subfunction” is is
applied
applied to to certain
certain parts
parts oror
interval
interval of of the
the function’s
function’s
domain.
domain.
Example1:
Example1:
Given
Given the
the piece-wise
piece-wise function
function
Find
Find the
the following:
following:
a.
a. b.
b.
c. 𝒇
c. 𝒇(1)
(1) d. 𝒇(−5)
d. 𝒇(−5)
Example1:
Example1:
Given
Given the
the piece-wise
piece-wise function
function
Find
Find the
the following:
following:
a.
a.
𝒇 ( 𝟎 )=𝟐 𝒙 +𝟏
𝒇 ( 𝟎 )=𝟐(𝟎)+𝟏
𝒇 ( 𝟎 )=𝟎+𝟏
𝒇 ( 𝟎 )=𝟏
Example1:
Example1:
Given
Given the
the piece-wise
piece-wise function
function
Find
Find the
the following:
following:
a.
a.
𝟐
𝒇 (− 𝟐 )=− 𝒙 +𝟏 𝟐
𝒇 (− 𝟐 )=−(− 𝟐) +𝟏
𝒇 (− 𝟐 )=−(𝟒)+𝟏
𝒇 (− 𝟐 )=−𝟑
Example1:
Example1:
Given
Given the
the piece-wise
piece-wise function
function
Find
Find the
the following:
following:
a.
a.
𝒇 (𝟏 )=𝟐 𝒙 +𝟏
𝒇 (𝟏 )=𝟐(𝟏)+𝟏
𝒇 (𝟏 )=𝟐+ 𝟏
𝒇 (𝟏 )=𝟑
Example1:
Example1:
Given
Given the
the piece-wise
piece-wise function
function
Find
Find the
the following:
following:
a.
a.
𝟐
𝒇 (− 𝟓 )=− 𝒙 +𝟏 𝟐
𝒇 (− 𝟓 )=−(− 𝟓) +𝟏
𝒇 (− 𝟓 )=−(𝟐𝟓)+𝟏
𝒇 (− 𝟓 )=−𝟐𝟒
Example
Example 2:
2:
The
The function
function of
of the
the amount
amount paid
paid as
as income
income tax
tax can
can bebe
expressed
expressed as as aa piecewise
piecewise function.
function. The
The tax
tax table
table from
from the
the
Bureau
Bureau of
of Internal
Internal Revenue
Revenue isis given
given below.
below.
Annual Income Actual Text (from the BIR website) Mathematical Representation
Not over PHP 250,000 0% If
Over PHP 250,000 but not 20% of the excess over
If
over PHP 400,000 P250,000
Over PHP 400,000 but not P30,000 + 25% of the excess
If
over PHP 800,000 over P400,000
Over PHP 800,000 but not P130,000 + 30% of the
If
over PHP 2,000,000 excess over P800,000
Over PHP 2,000,000 but P490,000 + 32% of the
If
not over PHP 8,000,000 excess over P2,000,000
P2,410,000 + 35% of the
Over 8,000,000 If
excess over P8,000,000
Example
Example 2:
2:
In
In this
this case,
case, ifif xx represents
represents aa person’s
person’s annual
annual
income,
income, then
then that
that person’s
person’s income
income tax
tax I(x)
I(x) is
is
0 If 𝑥 ≤ 250,000
represented
represented mathematically
mathematically as: as:
0.2ሺ 𝑥− 250,000ሻ If 250,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 400,000
ۓ
30,000 + 0.25ሺ 𝑥− 400,000ሻ If 400,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 800,000
ۖۖ
𝐼ሺ 𝑥ሻ =
۔130,000 + 0.3ሺ 𝑥− 800,000ሻ If 800,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 2,000,000
ۖۖ 490,000 + 0.32ሺ 𝑥− 2,000,000ሻ If 2,000,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 8,000,000
ە2,410,000 + 0.35ሺ 𝑥− 8,000,000ሻ If 𝑥 > 8,000,000
Example
Example 2:
0 If 𝑥 ≤ 250,000
2:
0.2ሺ 𝑥− 250,000ሻ If 250,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 400,000
ۓ
30,000 + 0.25ሺ 𝑥− 400,000ሻ If 400,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 800,000
ۖۖ
𝐼ሺ 𝑥ሻ =
۔130,000 + 0.3ሺ 𝑥− 800,000ሻ If 800,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 2,000,000
ۖۖ 490,000 + 0.32ሺ 𝑥− 2,000,000ሻ If 2,000,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 8,000,000
ە2,410,000 + 0.35ሺ 𝑥− 8,000,000ሻ If 𝑥 > 8,000,000
Determine
Determine the
the tax
tax that
that needs
needs to
to pay
pay in
in each
each annual
annual
income:
income:
A.
A. 240,000.00Php
240,000.00Php C.
C. 950,000.00Php
950,000.00Php
B.
B. 500,000.00Php
500,000.00Php D.
D. 2,350,000.00Php
2,350,000.00Php
Example
Example 2:
2:
0 If 𝑥 ≤ 250,000
0.2ሺ 𝑥− 250,000ሻ If 250,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 400,000
ۓ
30,000 + 0.25ሺ 𝑥− 400,000ሻ If 400,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 800,000
ۖۖ
𝐼ሺ 𝑥ሻ =
130,000 + 0.3ሺ 𝑥− 800,000ሻ If 800,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 2,000,000
490,000 + 0.32ሺ 𝑥− 2,000,000ሻ If 2,000,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 8,000,000
۔
2,410,000 + 0.35ሺ 𝑥− 8,000,000ሻ
ۖۖ
ە If 𝑥 > 8,000,000
A. 240,000
𝑰 ( 𝟐𝟒𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 )=𝑷 𝟎
Example
Example 2:
2:
0 If 𝑥 ≤ 250,000
0.2ሺ 𝑥− 250,000ሻ If 250,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 400,000
ۓ
30,000 + 0.25ሺ 𝑥− 400,000ሻ If 400,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 800,000
ۖۖ
𝐼ሺ 𝑥ሻ =
130,000 + 0.3ሺ 𝑥− 800,000ሻ If 800,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 2,000,000
490,000 + 0.32ሺ 𝑥− 2,000,000ሻ If 2,000,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 8,000,000
۔
2,410,000 + 0.35ሺ 𝑥− 8,000,000ሻ
ۖۖ
ە If 𝑥 > 8,000,000
B. 500,000
𝑰 ( 𝟓𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 )=𝟑𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟎.𝟐𝟓(𝟓𝟎𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟎𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑰 ( 𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 )=𝟑𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓(𝟏𝟎𝟎 , 𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑰 ( 𝟓𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 )=𝟑𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟐𝟓,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑰 ( 𝟓𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 )=𝑷 𝟓𝟓 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎
Example
Example 2:
2:
0 If 𝑥 ≤ 250,000
0.2ሺ 𝑥− 250,000ሻ If 250,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 400,000
ۓ
30,000 + 0.25ሺ 𝑥− 400,000ሻ If 400,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 800,000
ۖۖ
𝐼ሺ 𝑥ሻ =
130,000 + 0.3ሺ 𝑥− 800,000ሻ If 800,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 2,000,000
490,000 + 0.32ሺ 𝑥− 2,000,000ሻ If 2,000,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 8,000,000
۔
2,410,000 + 0.35ሺ 𝑥− 8,000,000ሻ
ۖۖ
ە If 𝑥 > 8,000,000
B. 950,000
𝑰 ( 𝟗𝟓𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 )=𝟏𝟑𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟎.𝟑(𝟗𝟓𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟖𝟎𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑰 ( 𝟗𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 )=𝟏𝟑𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟎 . 𝟑(𝟏𝟓𝟎 , 𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑰 ( 𝟗𝟓𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 )=𝟏𝟑𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟒𝟓 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑰 ( 𝟗𝟓𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 )=𝑷 𝟏𝟕𝟓,𝟎𝟎𝟎
Example
Example 2:
2:
0 If 𝑥 ≤ 250,000
0.2ሺ 𝑥− 250,000ሻ If 250,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 400,000
ۓ
30,000 + 0.25ሺ 𝑥− 400,000ሻ If 400,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 800,000
ۖۖ
𝐼ሺ 𝑥ሻ =
130,000 + 0.3ሺ 𝑥− 800,000ሻ If 800,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 2,000,000
490,000 + 0.32ሺ 𝑥− 2,000,000ሻ If 2,000,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 8,000,000
۔
2,410,000 + 0.35ሺ 𝑥− 8,000,000ሻ
ۖۖ
ە If 𝑥 > 8,000,000
B. 950,000
𝑰 ( 𝟐,𝟑𝟓𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎) =𝟒𝟗𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟎.𝟑𝟐(𝟐,𝟑𝟓𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎 −𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑰 ( 𝟐 ,𝟑𝟓𝟎 , 𝟎𝟎𝟎 ) =𝟒𝟗𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟎 . 𝟑𝟐(𝟑𝟓𝟎 , 𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑰 ( 𝟐,𝟑𝟓𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎) =𝟒𝟗𝟎 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟏𝟐 ,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑰 ( 𝟐,𝟑𝟓𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎) =𝑷 𝟔𝟎𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎
