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Week 4 & 5-PHS-202

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14 views12 pages

Week 4 & 5-PHS-202

Uploaded by

fabriziofederico401
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LUNG , VOLUMES AND

CAPACITIES
LUNG VOLUMES
• Static lung volumes are the volumes of air breathed by an individual.
Each of these volumes represents the volume of air present in the lung
under a specified static condition.
• Static lung volumes are of four types:
• 1. Tidal volume
• 2. Inspiratory reserve volume
• 3. Expiratory reserve volume
• 4. Residual volume.
• Tidal volume (TV) is the volume of air breathed in or out of lungs in a
single normal quiet respiration. Tidal volume signifies the normal depth
of breathing. Normal Value is 500 mL (0.5 L).

• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is an additional volume of air that can


be inspired forcefully after the end of normal inspiration. Normal Value is
3,300 mL (3.3 L).

• Expiratory reserve volume (EVR) is the additional volume of air that can
be expired out forcefully, after normal expiration. Normal Value is 1,000
mL (1 L).
• Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air remaining in lungs even after
forced expiration.
• Normally, lungs cannot be emptied completely even by forceful
expiration. Some quantity of air always remains in the lungs even after
the forced expiration.
• Residual volume helps to aerate the blood in between breathing and
during expiration. It equally maintains the contour of the lungs.
• Normal Value is1,200 mL (1.2 L)
LUNG CAPACITIES
• Static lung capacities are the combination of two or more lung volumes.
• Static lung capacities are of four types:
• 1. Inspiratory capacity
• 2. Vital capacity
• 3. Functional residual capacity
• 4. Total lung capacity.
1. Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the maximum volume of air that is inspired
after normal expiration (end expiratory position). It includes tidal volume
and inspiratory reserve volume.
• IC = TV + IRV
• = 500 + 3,300 = 3,800 mL
2. Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum volume of air that can be expelled out
forcefully after a deep (maximal) inspiration. VC includes inspiratory
reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume.
• VC = IRV + TV + ERV
• = 3,300 + 500 + 1,000 = 4,800 mL
3.Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume of air remaining in lungs
after normal expiration (after normal tidal expiration). Functional residual
capacity includes expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.
• FRC = ERV + RV
• = 1,000 + 1,200 = 2,200 mL

4.Total lung capacity (TLC) is the volume of air present in lungs after a
deep (maximal) inspiration. It includes all the volumes.
• TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV
• = 3,300 + 500 + 1,000 + 1,200 = 6,000 mL
MEASUREMENT OF LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
• Spirometry is the method to measure lung volumes and capacities.
• Simple instrument used for this purpose is called spirometer. Modified
spirometer is known as respirometer.
• Nowadays plethysmograph is also used to measure lung volumes and
capacities.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING

• During breathing, the thoracic cavity communicates with


the outside through the air passages only.
• The volume of this cavity can be increased by an increase
in the vertical diameter with or without an increase in
the antero-posterior diameter.
• When the diaphragm contracts, it moves down, thereby
increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity.
The diaphragm is capable of a vertical excursion of 2.5cm
to 10cm, depending on the depth of breathing.
• An increase in thoracic volume due to diaphragmatic
contraction causes the intrathoracic pressure to be 2 to 6
mm Hg less than atmospheric pressure.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING (Contd)
• Since pressure outside (atmospheric air) in this situation
is higher than the pressure in the thoracic cavity,
atmospheric air rushes into the lungs and fills the lungs.
• In deep breathing, contraction of the external
intercostals muscles will pull the ribs upwards and move
the sternum forward thereby increasing the AP
diameter.
• This will increase the thoracic volume further and make
the intrathoracic pressure more negative, so that more
air will fill the lungs.
• As air rushes in to fill the lungs, the lungs and the chest
will expand. The expansion stretches the elastic tissues
of the lungs and the chest wall.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING (Contd)
• At the end of inspiration, the diaphragm relaxes and it is
pushed up to a dome-shaped position by the abdominal
viscera.
• This leads to a reduction of the vertical diameter of the
thoracic cage.
• The reduction in the VD and the elastic recoil of the
thoracic cage and lung tissues makes the thoracic
volume to become smaller so that the pressure inside
the thorax is now greater than the pressure outside
(Po).
• This higher pressure compresses the lungs so that air is
expelled from the lungs.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING (Contd)
• Expiration under quiet breathing is normally a passive
process. That is to say, the relaxation of the
diaphragm and the elastic recoil of the thoracic cage
and lung tissues do not involve any muscular
contraction and/or direct expenditure of energy,
hence expiration is a passive process.

• In heavy breathing or when there is breathing


difficulty, the muscles of expiration will be required to
actively assist the process of expiration

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