Dr.

Dalia El-Shafei
Assist.Prof., Community Medicine Department, Zagazig University
http://www.slideshare.net/daliaelshafei
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this unit the student will be able to:

 Define administration, management and management cycle.

 Define situation analysis and problem priorities.

 Identify the quick steps for strategic planning and know

how to start a health program.

Management may be seen as generic skills that shall be fitted
to everyday life.
WHO stated that effective leadership & management
are essential to scaling up the quantity & quality of
health services and to improving population health.
AIM OF HEALTH
MANAGEMENT

Improving population
health.

Scaling up the quantity & quality of health

services according to the perceived needs
and demands of the community.
 SCOPES OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT

Mapping Running & Introduce new Running a Conducting a

community improving health health research,
health profile health services services, ttt, program or a thesis, survey
& policy. (PHC units, protocol… etc. project. …etc.
Hospital,
clinic).
MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION

A continuous dynamic process to effectively

getting things done.

Effectively achieving the identified objectives in

right way, right time with the least available
resources (Manpower, Money, Material …..etc.)
 MANAGEMENT VS
ADMINISTRATION
Administration Management
Frames the policies
Implements these
& goals of an
policies & goals
organization.

The top level with A middle level

the decisive activity with
functions executive function
 THE MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Sequence of steps that must be followed to reach the identified goals.

Planning

Evaluation Implementation
Management Functions and Strategic Planning (Quick references to
Manage or Plan a Program):
Preparatory
phase (Planning
to Plan)

Re-planning & Situational

decision making analysis

NB. The sequences may be

changed by (Experience,
personal preference or the
Identify needs or
Communication
problems required level
(administration,
management, planning).

Evaluation Planning

Implementation
1- Preparatory phase (Planning 2- Situational analysis 3- Identify needs or problems
to Plan) • Health & demographic data. • Identify health problems or needs
• Assignment of team & team leader • Health services (government – private) • Setting priorities or needs
• Term of references of planning (objectives, • Needs & demands
resources, time allocated).

4- Planning 5- Implementation 6- Evaluation

• Vision & mission • Organizing • Key performance indicators (KPI)
• Goal & objectives • Staffing • Monitoring & supervision
• Strategies. • Directing
• Organizing (hierarchy & Units). • Coordination
• Resources • Reporting
• Implement (Action Plan). • Supervision
• Evaluation • Time table

7- Communication 8- Re-planning & decision

• Stakeholders “Internal&External” making
• Achieving the goals
• Cost effectiveness
• Health & social Impact
• Customers satisfactions
1- PREPARATION FOR PLANNING

Preparation for planning is the 1st step towards the development

of a good plan. The objective is to ensure that planning process can
be carried out smoothly.
2- SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS (WHERE ARE WE
NOW?):
Study of the nature, distribution, importance & contributing
factors of the problems we are interested in.

Data collection SWOT analysis Formulate problem

statement
3- IDENTIFY COMMUNITY NEEDS OR PROBLEMS ACCORDING
TO SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
Criteria for selecting priority problems on community
basis:

Extent of the Seriousness of the Feasibility of

Economic cost
problem problem solution

Within community
priority policy
4- PLANNING (HOW CAN WE REACH THE
OBJECTIVES?):

It is a systematic process of identifying the desirable

future goals, outlining appropriate courses of action and
determining the resources required to achieve them.

WHO definition: a process of organizing decisions

and actions to achieve particular ends, set within a
policy.
Types of plans:
Stepping stones to Action Tactica
achieve organizational goals. l
• Action (Operational) plans
are necessary to attain tactical
• plans
Tactical plans lead to
the achievement of strategic
Strategic Contingency
• plans.
Contingency plan that plans
to backup plans that fail.
Formulation of vision , mission, goals and
objectives:

Vision Mission
Statement that the organization uses
Statement that the organizations use
to describe its purpose or reason for
to describe its dream, their end goals
existing & major organizational
for the future.
commitments & activities.

What they hope to achieve if they

It answers questions as why are we
successfully fulfill their organizational
mission. here? What they do? why they do
it?

Declares the major actions needed to

Expresses a hoped-for future reality
reach this vision
 Goal Objective
Broad statement of Specific statement of
what we are going to desired future.
accomplish.
It details how the goal
will be achieved.
1 Goal needs >1
Objective. Objective must be
SMART
 One example for SMART objective:

I will ↓ my body weight by 2.5 Kg during the next 60 days

Planning horizons:
Long-term
Medium-term
3-5 years
Short-term
Most of strategic 1-3 years
plan. ≤ 1 year
Like most district
health plan.
5- ACTION PLAN (OPERATIONAL PLAN OR
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN):
Perform the task in right way & time by right persons with
minimal resources:
6- EVALUATION (DO WE REACH OUR
OBJECTIVES?):
Evaluation is a continuous process to ensure program success and ongoing
improvement to achieve the predetermined goals and objectives.

It can be done all through processes, at mid or at end of the program.

Evaluation methods: Key Performance Indicators, Indicators

calculation - expert opinion - customer opinion - job owner opinion

ALL aspects should be evaluated: Goals, plan, performance, time, effort,

cost-benefit, and sustainability.
Monitoring

• Maintenance of regular checking of ongoing activities or programs with respect to

the defined objectives.
• To:
• Record what the system is actually doing at present
• Detect possible deviations from the decided course of action.
• Where there are deficiencies, control and correction decisions and measures
must
follow.
Supervision

• Making sure that the staff performs their duties effectively with competency to keep
the work standards.
• To:
• Maintain the quantity & quality of health team work.
• Assess the performance of team members.
• Identify causes of work deficiency.
• Resolve dispute among team members
• Help in personal problems solving.
• Train: (on job training)
• Methods: observation- check lists- records- report review
7- COMMUNICATION AND REPORTING
PLAN
Communication

• All stakeholders must participate in the planning process as

necessary.
• Internal stakeholder (as staff): for appropriate planning &
to assure that everybody shall adopt the plan.
• External stakeholder (as community leaders): to get their
support especially financial aid.

Reporting

• To related stakeholder (monthly, quarterly, annually ….).

8- RE-PLANNING AND DECISION
MAKING:

Planning is continuous & cyclical process.

Evaluation of the results against the pre-identified goals

and objectives may reveal some deviations or failure.

Re-planning may be necessary to correct the implementation

or even to make a backup plan to achieve the goals.