INFORMATION

AND
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
 WHAT IS A
COMPUTER ?

IT IS AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THAT

WORKS UNDER THE CONTROL OF
STORED PROGRAMS IN
AUTOMATICALLY ACCEPT, STORE
AND PROCESS DATA INTO
INFORMATION.
 FOLLOWING
CHARACTERISTICS
OF COMPUTER:
ls controlled by programs: Works
It is electronic:- can only according to instructions, written in
work when there is It is a device: a machine . computer language, given by the user
electricity. for it to perform a specific tasks

• Can accept data: data can be CAN STORE DATA AND

automatic in operation: Can entered into the computer PROGRAMS: DATA AND
work with minimum or no PROGRAMS ENTERED INTO THE
through various means and COMPUTER CAN
human intervention the computer accepts it. BE STORED FOR FUTURE USE.
 DATA AND
INFORMATION

1. Data: refers to raw facts and figures of an

activity. It can just be a list of numbers,
names or a combination of these. Data is
meaningless and needs to be processed.
Data cannot be used for decision making
purposes as it is meaningless.
 2. Information: It is data that has been converted into
meaningful form.
Information can be understood and therefore can be used for
decision making purposes.
Information is meaningful. To get relevant information, data
entered into the computer must be relevant, accurate and
up-todate.
If data entered into the computer is wrong (Garbage bin) the
results will also be wrong (Garbage Out), and is generally
referred to as Garbage-in Garbage-Out (GIGO)
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 COMPUTER
GENERATIONS

Refers to stages through

which computers developed
from the 1940s to date.
These are as follows:
 1. First Generation Computers (1945-1955): These are the
earliest computers that used valves in controlling
machines, e.g. EDVAC, ACE and UNIVAC machines. These
were very large computers, fitting about the size of an
average room. They were programmed in a language
understandable by the machine. Such computers used a lot
of electricity and were very expensive to purchase. Only
very large organisation could afford these computers. Such
computers were huge, slow, expensive and often
undependable.
 2. Second Generation Computers (1955 -1965)
These are computers that used vansistors instead Transistor
of valves. They were faster, had reduced size,
were more relate and less expensive. Second
generation computers were faster, more reliable,
smaller, much cheaper to build, gave off virtually
no heat, conduct electricity faster.
3. Third Generation Computers (1965-1980): These
used integrated circuits eg. the IBM (International
Business Machines) computers. The integrated
circuit, also referred to as semiconductor chip,
packs a huge number of transistors onto a single
water of silicon. These computers have increased
the power, lowered cost, carry out instructions in
billionths of a second, and are smaller.
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1980-1990):
The Fourth Generation Computers that used
microprocessors and concentrated on Microproc
miniaturisation of high processing essor
components. Fourth Generation Computers
are grouped into mainframe, mini, micro and
super computers, depending on their sizes.
capabilities and memory size.
5. Fifth Generation Computers (1990 to date and
beyond): These use natural language and can
flexibly interact with the human being. Such
systems are used in medical diagnosis, mineral
prospecting and in geological researches. Such
computer systems are capable of human
intelligence and are commonly called expert
systems.
 TYPES OF D. LAPTOPS (NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS):

COMPUTERS
THESE ARE PORTABLE COMPUTERS THAT USE AN
INTERNAL BATTERY FOR POWER AND CAN BE PLACED
ON LAPS DURIG USAGE.

1. MICRO COMPUTERS:
THESE ARE COMPUTERS WITH A
MICROPROCESSOR INSIDE
THEM, AND INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING:
LAPTOPS ARE SMALL SIKE A BRIEFCASE AND ARE
PORTABLE AND CAN BE USED IN AREAS WHERE THERE
IS NO ELECTRICITY. THEY HAVE LIGHT WEIGHT AND
BATTERY POWERED HOWEVER, LAPTOPS CAN EASILY
GET STOLEN, THEY NEED RECHARGING FROM TIME TO
TIME, SOME FIND IT DIFFICULT TO USE THE LAPTOP
a. desktop Computers: These are computers with a separate CPU KEYBOARD AND INBUILT MOUSE, AND THEY ARE EVEN
EXPENSIVE TO BUY AND TO REPAIR.
and monitor and fit desk dur during usage

b. Personal Computers (PC): - These are microcomputers made for

use at home for general purpose, and indudes desktop computers

c. Palmtops: These are portatile microcomputers that can fit in the

palm and are used as diaries and for other small business
applications They are Handheld Computers that are small enough to
be carried in a pocket and include Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
and Cell phones
 E. TABLET PERSONAL COMPUTERS:
TYPE OF NOTEBOOK THAT ACCEPTS
INPUT FROM AN ELECTRONIC PEN

For schools and school children, laptops have the

following advantages :

ers can save data in their own storage area

erever they are Users can get any networked
tware wherever they are keep using the same However, the following problems may arise:
hool needs fewer printers Users do not need
chime. Work can be hacked into more easily. If no convenient network
point, users cannot work. It is expensive to buy many network cards.
ers can accesa school intranet intranet from If server goes down users cannot work. Students can use internet
ywhere. Users can access Internet from inappropriately. for instance watching pomography. Viruses can be
ywhere. downloaded easily. Costs of updating or replacing server are high.
ers do not need communicate with to carry CD
NB:-Microcomputers perform general purposes like word-processing,
Ms Itsasier to Can email work to teachers even processing smal amounts of data, playing music, etc. However,
m home Staff can monitor students easily. these days, microcomputers can also be used in large organisations
udents and teachers can share files and notes because of improved efficiency in their usage.
sily
2. Mini-Computers: these are in-between mainframe computers
and microcomputers computers. They are suitable for large
business organisations ske in banks where they process client
accounts. They are however less powerful than mainframes

3) Mainframe Computers: They are mostly used in large

organisations like banks and where bulk data processing is
needed such 35 census, industry consumer statistics. and
financial transaction processing. These are very big in size and
extremely fast. They have very large memory capacity and can
be used in educational designs
4. Super Computers: These are very powerful
computers that are used to perform detailed
calculations and for design purposes, for
example, modelling of aircraft wings, testing
bombs, etc. They are the fastest and most
expensive computers.
 Summary Classifications of Computers
Classification of computers can also be made
relating to the use of the computer, as follow

a)General Purpose Computers: these are computers that can be used to perform a
number of functions like playing music, playing games, payroll processing and so on.
(b)Special Purpose Computers: These are computers that are designed to perform one
task only, for example, to monitor patients in hospital
(c)Analogue Computers these handle data in continuously varying form.
(d)Digital Computers: Handle data in discrete values; that is in Os and 1s
(e) Embedded Computers: Refers to use of microprocessors in non-
computer equipment like in cameras, washing machines, watches, etc.
These are normally dedicated for a specific task they are designed for.
Embedded computers are also found in household items like camera,
microwave, washing machine, video recorder, fridge, sewing machine, air
conditioning, electronic toys, rice cooker dish washer, Televisions, alarms,
clock, radio, DVD players, etc. .
 Summary Classifications of Computers
Classification of computers can also be made
relating to the use of the computer, as follow

IIN DIGITAL CAMERA: automatically adjust film speed, positions the end of film, adjust distance from object,
adjusts light.
In SPEED CAMERAS: are used on many roads to take photographs of cars which have exceeded the speed
limit. Some of these cameras use microprocessor controlled chips to store information. The advantages of
speed cameras with microprocessor controlled chips are that: Data and images can be transferred
automatically which will be faster. Image can be viewed straight away.
Tasks which would be carried out by the microprocessor as a speeding car approaches a camera include:
Sense and record speed of vehicle. Compare speed of vehicle with stored value(s) and decide whether
photograph should be taken.
Tasks which would be carried out by the microprocessor as the photograph is being taken include:
Log the time. Log the date. Log the speed. Record the road conditions. Operate-flash. Operate shutter. Store
the image. Check on value of light intensity. Adjust focal length and focus image

WASHING MACHINE : controls the amount of water

FRIDGES: Controls temperature level
AIR CONDITION: Controls temperature
 ADVANTAGES OF USING

TECHNOLOGIES

They process data at very high speed, thus farge volumes of goods can be
produced Computers are very accurate is making calculations and thus
ensure that no calculation errors occur. Computers are very reliable to use
since they rarely makes mistakes Computers store large volumes of data for
a long period of sme. Computers cut labour costs as they can perform
duties that need many people They replace humans and thus cut labour
costs on wages, medical ait, retirement benefits, leave payments, e
Computers can work for 24 hours a day with no complains as humans. They
do not get tired. Computers create employment for the community, for
example, computer teachers (futors), programmer computer technicians,
database administrators. goods are produced using computers. through the
Internet Ensures etc. High quality efficient, easier and faster communication
.
 DISADVANTAGE
S OF USING
TECHNOLOGIES
Continuous usage can lead to health problems like Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI), back ache,
eye problems, etc. Lead to increase in computer crimes like computer fraud hacking, music
and software piracy, data theft using computers, sending of viruses, etc Can lead to
unemployment since computers can replace human labour as in car assemblies. Expenses
related to repairs, maintenance and safety can be high. They only work when there is
electricity.
NB
COMPUTER CRIME: the use of computer to perform unlawful activities, eg. piracy, hacking, eto
SOFTWAREE POLICY :legal copying, selling and buying copyrighted software without

HACKING :Obtaining unauthorised accessed to protected and secure computer systems or

network, usually using intelligent methods
COMPUTER FRAUD: emproper electronic transfer of funds from one account to another using
computers COPYRIGHT :A document granting exclusive nght to use, publish and sell software,
musical or artistic WORK
THANK
YOU