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Pollution Prevention in Steel Industry

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Pollution Prevention in Steel Industry

Uploaded by

kabeeraftab289
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pollution Prevention in

Steel Industry
Kabeer Aftab , Alejandro Uriol and Nithish Kumar
ENV 6932 Sustainability
Fall 2024
Introduction
Steel industry: vital to
construction, transportation,
and manufacturing globally

2022 market: $1,823.5


billion with 1.8 billion tons
of steel

U.S. employs 143,000 in


steel sector; gross output:
$324.9 billion

China, the world’s leading


producer, contributed 54% of
the global total
[2,3,4,5]
2
Top 50 steel-producing companies

[4]
3
Major steel-
producing
countries
2022 and 2023

4
Steel in
Florida
Florida is a significant
contributor with plants
like Nucor Florida Steel
Plant, Peninsula Steel,
and GMF Steel Group.
Local demand and
production impact U.S.
market

[2,27]
5
Future
Growth
• Global steel market
projected to reach $2.9
trillion by 2033
• Balancing economic
growth with
environmental
responsibility is
essential

Steel Market Size, Share, Growth And Trends R


eport, 2030
[2]
6
Steel Production Methods
BF-BOF (Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen
Furnace):
Traditional, uses coal 1.8-3.0 tonnes
CO₂ per tonne of steel.

EAF (Electric Arc Furnace): Modern,


melts scrap steel with electricity

DRI-based EAF Plants: 2-3 tonnes


CO₂ per tonne (coal-based) or 0.7-
1.2 tonnes (gas-based).
Scrap-based EAF Plants: 0.06-0.1
tonnes CO₂ per tonne, with indirect
emissions adding ~0.4 tonnes.
[4]
7
Steel 1. Iron Ore Reduction
2. Smelting
Production 3. Refining
Steps 4. Casting, Rolling, and Finishing

8
Steel production emits CO2, SO2, NOx, CO,
Environmental particulate matter (PM), VOCs, and heavy metals.
Impacts Each pollutant originates from specific production
steps

[28]
9
Pollutant:
• 1.91 tons of CO2 per ton of steel
• Produced during iron ore reduction and
fuel combustion
CO2 • Major contributor to greenhouse gases

10
Pollutant: SO2 and NOx

Emitted during combustion of fuel


containing sulfur and nitrogen

Lead to acid rain, respiratory


issues

Avg emissions: 3-5 g/kg for NOx,


1-2 g/kg for SO2
11
Pollutant: CO and PM

PM from various
CO from incomplete
production steps;
combustion; impacts
respiratory issues and
cardiovascular health
environmental damage

12
Pollutants: VOCs and Heavy
Metals

VOCs contribute to air pollution and photochemical


smog, primarily released during high-temperature
stages of steel production, such as smelting and
refining.

Heavy metals, like lead and cadmium, often arise


from burning fuels and wastewater discharge
processes, leading to neurological and kidney damage

13
Significant reductions in CO₂ emissions have been
Historical and achieved in the last 20 years due to improved
Projected Emissions desulfurization and catalytic converters. Projections
in Steel Production show further decline with advancements like
hydrogen steelmaking and carbon capture

14
Source Reduction and
Recycling in Pollution
Prevention

Source reduction and recycling work


together to minimize environmental impact.
Source reduction optimizes resource use and
fuel choice, while recycling reuses by-
products like slag and scrap, reducing
emissions and conserving raw materials.
Solid Recovered Fuels (SRFs): Reduces
dependency on fossil fuels by using waste-
derived alternatives.
Slag Recycling: Reuses by-products in
construction, decreasing landfill waste and
saving resources.
Scrap Steel Recycling: Lowers emissions
by melting scrap instead of raw materials,
saving energy.

15
Control
Techniques
SO2 and NOx: Flue gas desulfurization,
selective catalytic reduction
CO2: CCS and hydrogen reduction
PM: Baghouses and electrostatic
precipitators
Solid Recovered Fuel Replacing fossil fuels.
Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction
(H-DR): Projects like SSAB’s HYBRIT,
Green Hydrogen: Produced with renewable
energy, zero emissions.
Pink Hydrogen: Produced with nuclear
energy, zero carbon but nuclear-based.

16
Importance of • Reduces emissions and resource consumption.
Scrap in Emission • Recycling rates and benefits.
Reduction
Older vs Newer Steel Plants

"NEWER PLANTS: ADVANCED


"OLDER PLANTS: OUTDATED
SCRUBBERS, CATALYTIC
SYSTEMS, HIGHER
CONVERTERS, CO₂ CAPTURE
EMISSIONS, LIMITED CO₂
TECHNOLOGY, HIGH ENERGY
CAPTURE, LOWER ENERGY
EFFICIENCY, GREEN ENERGY
EFFICIENCY."
INTEGRATION."

18
Global Regulations

EU Emission Trading
U.S. Clean Air Act:
System: Carbon
Strict pollutant caps,
market for
45Q tax incentives
emissions reduction

19
Global Environmental Regulations

CANADA: PROVIDES
JAPAN: STRINGENT SO₂ AND
ENVIRONMENTAL TAX
NOX EMISSION STANDARDS
CREDITS FOR STEEL
FOR STEEL PRODUCTION,
PRODUCERS ADOPTING
PROMOTING AIR QUALITY
POLLUTION PREVENTION
AND REDUCING ACID RAIN.
TECHNOLOGIES.

CHINA: IMPLEMENTS INDIA: REQUIRES


MANDATORY CO₂ RENEWABLE ENERGY USE IN
REDUCTION GOALS FOR INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND
STEEL PLANTS; INCENTIVES ENFORCES WATER
FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT LAWS TO
ADOPTION. CONTROL POLLUTION.

20
Government Incentives

U.S. INFLATION REDUCTION ACT, INFRASTRUCTURE AND JOBS ACT


45Q TAX CREDITS FOR CO2 CAPTURE PROMOTES P2 EFFORTS

21
Pollution prevention in the steel industry demands
substantial investments in clean technologies, like electric
Preliminary Cost arc furnaces and heat recovery systems. Although costly
Analysis initially, these technologies enable lower emissions, energy
savings, and long-term operational cost reduction.
Cost Analysis: Hydrogen, Coal, Natural Gas, and
CO₂ Capture

Energy Source Cost per Gallon CO₂ Emissions


(USD) (Tons)
Hydrogen $5.50 Low
Coal $0.30 High
Natural Gas $1.20 Moderate
Carbon Capture $50-100 Captures
(per ton) emissions

23
Local Purchasing Incentives and Price Comparisons

Local Incentives: Government policies encouraging


the purchase of locally-produced steel to boost
domestic production.

Foreign Comparisons:
U.S.: Average EU: Average China: Average India: Average
$700 per ton $650 per ton $500 per ton $450 per ton

24
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
Data in Steel Production

TRI data helps track pollutants


released by steel plants.
Common pollutants include CO₂,
NOx, SO₂, VOCs, and heavy metals.
Emphasis on the importance of TRI
in shaping environmental
regulations and encouraging
pollution prevention.

25
Leading Companies ArcelorMittal and Tata Steel are pioneers in
pollution reduction, employing carbon direct
in Pollution avoidance and circular economy practices.
Prevention: By reusing slag and by-products, they
ArcelorMittal & Tata advance sustainability and minimize
Steel emissions across production processes.
HBIS Group: HBIS Group employs carbon capture, utilization,
and storage (CCUS) to minimize emissions. Their
Active Carbon large-scale CCUS projects capture CO₂ and
Capture and prevent its release, while renewable energy
Use initiatives further reduce their carbon footprint
Hydrogen-based
steelmaking

Carbon Capture and


Storage (CCS)

Future of
Pollution Circular Economy &
Digitalization
Prevention
Integration of Renewable
Energy
Hydrogen-based steelmaking is advancing, led by
SSAB and ThyssenKrupp. This method replaces
Hydrogen-Based carbon with hydrogen, cutting CO₂ emissions
Steelmaking drastically, paving the way for a sustainable steel
industry.
CCS technology captures and stores CO₂
emissions from steel production. With
Carbon Capture advancements, CCS offers a cost-effective solution
and Storage (CCS) to limit emissions, helping to decarbonize steel
manufacturing on a large scale.
Circular economy practices, like slag recycling,
combined with AI-driven optimization, enhance
Circular Economy resource efficiency. Digitalization in steel plants
& Digitalization boosts productivity, reduces energy consumption,
and cuts waste, supporting sustainable steelmaking.
Renewable energy sources, including solar and
Integration of wind, power more steel plants. Companies like
Renewable ArcelorMittal are investing in renewables to further
reduce emissions and minimize reliance on fossil
Energy fuels.
Steel industry faces challenges in balancing economic
growth and sustainability

Conclusion Significant strides in decarbonization and pollution control


Ongoing innovations drive a low-carbon future for the steel
industry

33
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34
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[17]Climate Action Reports :ArcelorMittal. https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/sustainability/climate-action-reports (September 30, 2024)

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[24]Carbon2Chem:https://www.thyssenkruppsteel.com/en/company/sustainability/carbon2chem/carbon2chem.html (Thyssenkrupp)

[25]IEA Carbon capture in 2021: Off and running or another false start? – Analysis https://www.iea.org/commentaries/carbon-capture-in-2021-off-and-running-or-another-false-start

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[27] The Economic Impact of the American Iron and Steel Industry - American Iron and Steel Institute

[28] Steel production emits CO2, SO2, NOx, CO, particulate matter (PM), VOCs, and heavy metals. - Search Images

[29] CO2 emission of typical steel mill [6] | Download Scientific Diagram

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