GASTRO INTESTINAL SYSTEM
The digestive system contributes to homeostasis by breaking down
food into forms that can be absorbed and used by body cells. It also
absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals and eliminates wastes from
the body.
Over all digestive system performs six process
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
GIT Consist Of
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
anus
Layers of the GIT(OUTWARD TO
INWARD)
Serosa
Muscular layer
Sub mucosal layer
Mucosal layer
Mouth
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
GIT hasown nervous system called enteric
nervous system
Myentric plexus
Meissners plexus
Salaivary gland
Major salivary glands
Parotid gland
Sub maxillary gland
Sublingual gland
Minor salivary glands
Lingual mucus gland
Lingual serous gland
Buccal gland
Labial gland
Palatal gland
Major salivary gland-1.Parotid
glands
It is the largest of all salivary glands , situated at the side of the
face just below and infront of the ear.
Each gland weighs about 20 to 30g in adults .
Duct- stensen duct(35mm to 40mm long)-opens in the
second molar tooth.
Major salivary gland-
2.Submaxillary glands
It is located in submaxillary triangle , medial to mandible.
Gland weighs about 8 to 10 g .
Duct- whartson duct(40 mm long).
Opens- side of frenulum of tongue by means of caruncula
sublingualis.
Major salivary gland-
3.Sublingual glands
Smallest salivary glands situated in the mucosa at the floor of the
mouth.
It weighs about 2 to 3 g.
Open-small papillae beneath the tongue.
saliva from these glands poured into 5 to 15 small ducts- Ductus
Of Rivinus(largest- Bartholin duct)
CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY
GLAND
1.Serous gland- serous cells-Thin and watery-Parotid glands and
lingual serous glands.
2.Mucus gland-mucus cells-thick and viscous-lingual mucus
gland,buccal glands and palatal glands.
3.Mixed gland-both serous and mucus cells-
submandibular,sublingual and labial glands.
2.Minor salivary glands
1.Lingual mucus Glands- situated in posterior one third of the
tongue ,behind circumvallate papillae and at the tips and
margins of tongue.
2.Lingual serous glands- located near circumvallate papillae and
filiform papillae.
3.Buccal glands- present between the mucus membrane and
buccinator ,around the terminal part of parotid gland.
4.Labial glands-situated beneath the mucus membrane around
the orifice of mouth
Structure and duct system of
salivary glands
Salivary glands are formed by acini or alveoli.
Each acinus is formed by a small group of cells which surround the
central globular cavity.
Central cavity of each acinus is continuous with the lumen of the
duct.
The fine duct draining each acinus is called intercalated duct.
Many intercalated ducts join together to form intralobular duct.
Few intralobular ducts join to form interlobular ducts, which
unite to form the main duct of the gland .
A gland with this type of structure and duct system is called
racemose type (racemose = bunch of grapes)
PROPERTIES OF SALIVA
1. Volume: 1000 mL to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and it
is approximately about 1 mL/minute.
2. Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic with
pH of 6.35 to 6.85
3.Specific gravity:It ranges between 1.002 and 1.012
4.Tonicity:Saliva is hypotonic to plasma.
Functions of saliva
1.Preparation of food for swallowing.
2.Appreciation of taste.
3.Digestive function-salivary amylase, maltase, lingual lipase.
4.Cleansing and protective function.
Regulation of salivary secretion
1.Nerve Supply To Salivary Glands-
1.parasympathetic and
2.sympathetic divisions
Function of Parasympathetic
Fibers
It causes secretion of saliva with large quantity of water.
It is because the parasympathetic fibers activate the acinar cells
and dilate the blood vessels of salivary glands.
However, the amount of organic constituents in saliva is less.
The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.
2.Sympathetic fibers
sympathetic preganglionic fibers to salivary glands arise from
the lateral horns of first and second thoracic segment of spinal
cord.
The fibers leave the cord through the anterior nerve roots and
end in superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic chain.
Postganglionic fibers from this ganglion and are distributed to the
salivary glands along the nerve plexus, around the arteries
supplying the glands.
Stimulation of sympathetic fibers causes secrection of saliva,
which is thick and rich in organic constituents such as mucus.
It is because these fibers activate the acinar cells and cause
vasoconstriction.
The neurotransmitteris noradrenaline.
Reflex regulation of salivary
secretion
Salivary secretion is regulated by nervous mechanism through
reflex action.
Salivary reflexes are of two types
1.Unconditioned reflex.
2.Conditioned reflex.
1.Unconditioned reflex.
It is the inborn reflex that is present since birth. It does not need
any previous experience.
The reflex induces salivary secretion when any substance is
placed in the mouth.
It is due to the stimulation of nerve endings in the mucus
membrane
of the oral cavity.
2.conditioned reflex.
It is acquired by experience and it needs previous experience .
Presence of food in the mouth is not necessary to elicit this
reflex.
The stimuli for this reflex are the sight,smell, hearing or thought
of food.
EFFECT OF DRUGS AND CHEMICALS
ON SALIVARY SECRETION
Substances which increase salivary secretion
1. Sympathomimetic drugs like adrenaline and
ephedrine.
2. Parasympathomimetic drugs like acetylcholine,
pilocarpine, muscarine and physostigmine.
3. Histamine.
Substances which decrease salivary secretion
1. Sympathetic depressants like ergotamine and dibenamine.
2. Parasympathetic depressants like atropine andscopolamine.
3. Anesthetics such as chloroform and ether stimulate the secretion
of saliva. However, deep anesthesia decreases the secretion due to
central inhibition.
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
1.Hyposalivation
2.Hypersalivation
3.Other disorders
1. Xerostomia
2. Drooling
3. Chorda tympani syndrome
4. Paralytic secretion of saliva
5. Augmented secretion of saliva
6. Mumps
7. Sjögren syndrome
Thank
You
