विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि पाठ्यक्रम

1.विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि पाठ्यक्रम कक्षा ४-५, २०७८

2.विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि पाठ्यक्रम कक्षा ६-८, २०७७
3.विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि पाठ्यक्रम कक्षा ९-१०, २०७८

11/13/2024 Yubraj Adhikari, CDC 1

of] ;qsf] ljifoj:t' M sIff 5,8 / 10 sf] lj!fg tyf k|ljlw ljifosf]
k/Lro,txut ;Ifdtf,l;sfO pknlAw,If]q / qmd, lzIf)f l;sfO k|
lqmof,d"Nof~\sg cflb .
yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu,
www.moecdc.gov.np

2
 cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff $–%_ sf] kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf

j| ljifo, kf7\o306f / sfo{306f

m
=;
+
; ljifo kf7\ sfo{306f
o306f
! g]kfnL % !^)
@ cª\u|]hL % !^)
# ul0ft % !^)
$ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw % !^)
% ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No % !^) 3
dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–!)_ sf]
kf7\oj|md
j|m= ljifo
;+/rgf
kf7\o 306f jflif{s
(Credit hour)
;= sfo{306f
(Working hour)
!= g]kfnL % !^)
@= cª\u|]hL % !^)
#= ul0ft % !^)
$= lj1fg tyf k|ljlw % !^)
%= ;fdflhs cWoog $ !@*
^= P]lR5s k|yd $ !@*
&= P]lR5s låtLo $ !@*
#@ !)@$
१. परिचयः विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि पाठ्यक्रमको आवश्यकता
• kl/jlt{t ;+;f/df cfkm"nfO{ cg's"n agfpg, k|fKt ;|
f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] ;xL ¿kdf pkof]u ug{
• lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] l;h{gf u/]sf cj;/x¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\
ug{
• j}1flgs ;'ema'em;lxtsf] c;n / bIf gful/s tof/
ug{ lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f;Fu kl/lrt
u/fO{ pgLx¿df j}1flgs ;f]r, lrGtg / clej[lQk|lt
;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{
• lj1fg / k|ljlwk|lt ?lr hufpg, j}1flgs ;f]r, lrGtg, j}1flgs
clej[lQ / j}1flgs tj/n] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] agfpg
• Jojxf/s'zn l;k / lj1fg k|lj|mofut l;k ljsf; ug{
 २. सक्षमता (Competency)
KSAVAT
K= Knowledge
S = Skills
A = Attitudes
V = Values
A = Ability to do work

T= Transfer of KSAVA (Performance)

6
 तहगत सक्षमता: कक्षा !-३
!= j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] af]w tyf lj1fg k|lj|mofut
l;ksf] k|of]u
@= b}lgs hLjgdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|
of]u / ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿ cjnDag
#= hLjsf] juL{s/0f tyf hLjgk|lj|mof;DaGwL cfwf/e"t
hfgsf/L
$= hLj / jftfj/0flarsf] cGt/;DaGw / ;Gt'ngsf] dxŒj
af]w
%= df};d / k|fs[lts ljkb\sf] cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L tyf ;f]
11/13/2024 7
 तहगत सक्षमता: कक्षा ६-८
!= j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] af]w tyf lj1fgsf k|lj|mofut
l;ksf] k|of]u
@= ;"rgf / ljrf/x¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg, ljZn]if0f tyf ;"rgf k|
ljlwsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u
#= h}ljs ljljwtf / jftfj/0flarsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] a'emfO k|
bz{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] k|of;
$= hLjx¿ / hLjg k|lj|mofsf] hgfsf/L tyf dxTj af]w
%= b}lgs hLjgdf an / pks/0fsf] k|of]u;DaGwL cfwf/e"t
kIfx¿sf] klxrfg / k|of]u
^= b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] zlQmsf ljleGg ¿ksf ljz]iftfsf]
cfwf/e"t 1fg, ltgLx¿sf] plrt k|of]u / ;+/If0fk|lt tTk/tf
&= kbfy{sf u'0fx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L eO{ b}lgs hLjgdf
 dfWolds tx sIff ( / !)_
1. j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] txut
nflu cfjZos;Ifdtf
sf};n, /0fgLlt / afgLsf] ljsf;
2. lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pkof]lutf / ;Lldttfsf] a'emfO k|bz{g
3. jftfj/0fsf cjojx?larsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] a'emfO k|bz{g tyf jftfj/0f ;
+/If0fdf of]ubfg
4. hLjx¿sf] juL{s/0f, hLjg k|lj|mof / j|md ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / k|of]u
5. ef}lts ultljlw tyf k|ljmof;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljZn]if0f / Jojxfl/s
hLjgdf k|of]u
6. a|Xdf08sf] pTklQ, jt{dfg / eljio;DaGwL cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L xfl;n
7. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L / l;sfO k|s[ofdf ;b'kof]u
8. kbfy{sf u'0fx¿sf] cjnf]sg, ljZn]if0f / ltgLx?sf] j}1flgs k|
of]hgsf] बुemfO k|bz{g
३. कक्षागत सिकाइ
उपलब्धि
(Grade wise Learning
Outcomes)

10
 कक्षागत सिकाइ उपलब्धि (कक्षा ४-५)
j| l;sfO pknlAw
m sIff $ sIff %
ljifo
=
If]q
;
=

! j}1fl !=! j}1flgs cWoogdf cjnf]sg - !=! j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] kl/ro
= gs observation_, juL{s/0f - lbg
l;sfO classification_ / k/LIf0f - !=@ cjnf]sg -observation_, k|of]u -
testing_ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo lj| experiment_ / ;f]wvf]h -
mofsnfkx¿ ug{ / ltgsf] dxTj inquiry_ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo lj|
kQf nufpg mofsnfkx¿ ug{
!=@ j}1flgs pks/0fx¿ lrGg / !=# j}1flgs cWoogdf cjnf]sg, k|
ltgLx¿sf] :sDofl6s -Schematic_ of]u / ;f]wvf]hsf] dxŒj kQf
11/13/2024 lrq agfpg nufpg 11
 कक्षागत सिकाइ उपलब्धि (कक्षा ६-८)

j|
l;sfO pknlAw
m sIff ^ sIff & sIff *
ljifo
=
If]q
;
=
! j}1fl !=! j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj| !=! lj1fgsf k| !=! lglZrt ljlw k|
= gs mofsf] kl/ro lbg tyf of]ufTds of]u u/L k|
l;sfO cjnDag ug{ sfo{sf] k| of]uzfnf leq jf
!=@ gfkdf PsfOsf] k| ltj]bg tof/ aflx/ ;/n
of]u / dxŒj atfpg kfg{ cg';Gwfg;j]
!=# gfKgsf k| !=@ {If0f
 कक्षागत सिकाइ उपलब्धि (कक्षा ६-८)
# hLjx? #=! hgfj/ / la?jfsf #=! km"n km'Ng] #=! hgfj/ sf]if / la?
= / ljz]if cg's"ntfsf la?jfsf ljleGg jfsf]ifsf] cjojx¿sf
ltgLx nIf0f tyf cg's"ngsf efusf sfo{x¿ j0f{g ug{
?sf] cª\ux¿ klxrfg / sfo{x¿ j0f{g ug{ #=@ la?jf sf]if / hgfj/
agf]6 j0f{g ug{ #=@ la?jfsf sf]if lar ;dfgtf / leGgtf
#=@ vfgfsf] cfwf/df ¿kfGtl/t cª\ux¿ - 5'6\ofpg
hgfj/x¿sf] juL{s/0f h/f, sf08 / kft_ sf] #=# dfgj z/L/df sf]if,
ug{ / pbfx/0f lbg klxrfg ug{, tGt' / cª\usf]
#=# 9f8 ePsf ltgLx¿sf] agf]6 / cGt/ ;DaGw JofVof ug{
hgfj/x¿sf] juL{s/0f sfo{x¿sf] JofVof #=$ ;"Id hLjx? -cldaf,
u/L ug{ kmGhfO, AofS6]l/of,
x/]s ;d"xx¿sf] ;fdfG #=# 9f8 gePsf efO/;_ sf ;fdfGo kl/ro
o nIf0fx? atfpg hgfj/x¿sf] lbg tyf logLx?sf
#=$ km"n km'Ng] / juL{s/0f u/L kmfObf, xfgL atfpg /
k"mn gkm'Ng] la? x/]s ;d"xsf] ;fdfG xfgLaf6 aRg] pkfo
 sIffut l;sfO pknlAw (कक्षा ९-१०)

ljifoIf PsfO l;sfO pknlAw -sIff (_ PsfO l;sfO pknlAw -sIff !)_
]q
j}1flg != !=! j}1flgs cWoog / != !=! j}1flgs cWoogdf :jtGq
s j}1flg lj1fgsf If]qx¿sf] kl/ro j}1flg r/ -independent variable_, cfl>t r/
cWoo s lbO{ oL If]qx¿df k];fut s -dependent variable_ / lgolGqt r/
g cWoo cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ cWoo
-control variable_ klxrfg ug{ /
g !=@ lj1fg tyf k|ljlwn] g
afXo r/ lgoGq0fsf] dxŒj
NofPsf pknlAwx¿ tyf af]w ug{
r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{
!=@ cfwf/e"t / tThGo
!=# lj1fgsf k|of]ufTds PsfOx¿ lar leGgtf 5'6\ofpg
sfo{ ubf{{ ;'/IffTds
!=# tThGo PsfOdf ;+nUg
pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{
cfwf/e't PsfOx¿ kQf nufpg
!=$ dfkgdf j}1flgs ;
!=$ ef}lts ;dLs/0fdf PsfOut
+s]tg -scientific notation_,
d]l6«s pk;u{x¿ (Metric Ps¿ktf -homogeneity_ hfFr
४. विषयवस्तुको क्षेत्र, क्रम र
विस्तृतीकरण
(Scope, Sequence and Description)

15
 विषयक्षेत्र/एकाइ र कार्यघण्टाः कक्षा ४-५
j| PsfOsf] gfd sfo{ 306f / l;sfO pknlAw
m= sIff $ - l;= sIff % - l;=
;= sf=3=_ p sf=3_ p=

! j}1flgs l;sfO !) % !) ^
@ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw #) % #) ^
# hLj / jftfj/0f !) # !) $
$ hLjx?sf] juL{s/0f @% ^ @) #
% hLjg k|lj|mof !% # !% #
^ kbfy{ #) !$ #) !)
& b}lgs hLjgdf zlSt @) * @% !#
* k[YjL / cGtl/If @) % @) 16
$
 विषयक्षेत्र/एकाइ र कार्यघण्टाः कक्षा ६-८
j| PsfOsf] gfd sfo{ 306f / l;sfO pknlAw
m= sIff ^ - l;= sIff & - l;= sIff * - l;=
sf=3=_ p= sf=3=_ p= sf=3=_ p=
;=

! j}1flgs l;sfO !) $ !) @ !) @
@ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw #) % #) & #) ^
# hLjx? / ltgLx?sf] !% $ !@ $ !@ ^
agf]6
$ h}ljs ljljwtf / jftfj/0f !% @ !) $ * ^
% hLjg k|lj|mof !) # !) # !% ^
^ an / rfn !) % !# * !% !@
& b}lgs hLjgdf zlSt @) !% @% !& @) !&
* ljB't\ / r'Das !% ( !) % !) (
( kbfy{ !% & !% & !% *
 विषयक्षेत्र/एकाइ र कार्यघण्टाः कक्षा ९-
१०
d'Vo sIff ( sIff !)
If]q PsfO sf=3 PsfO sf=3
= =
! != j}1flgs cWoog & != lj1fg tyf j}1flgs %
cWoog
=j}1flg
s c=
@=hLj @=;hLjx¿sf] juL{s/0f ^ @=;hLjx¿sf] juL{s/0f (
lj1fg #=hLjg rj|m % #= hLjg rj|m $
$= j|md ljsf; ^ $= j+zf0f'j|md !^
%=zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf / hLjg !^ %=zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf / hLjg !@
k|lj|mof k|lj|mof
^=k|s[lt / jftfj/0f ^ ^=k|s[lt / jftfj/0f &
#=ef}lt &= an / rfn !! &= rfn / an !)
s tyf *=oGq % *=rfk %
 विषयक्षेत्र/एकाइ र कार्यघण्टाः कक्षा ९-
१०
d'V sIff ( sIff !)
o PsfO sf=3= PsfO sf=3
If]q =

$=IC !#=;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw !$ !# ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k| !)

T ljlw
%=/; !$=k/df0f' ;+/rgf / !# !$=tTjx¿sf] (
fog /f;folgs aG8 juL{s/0f
lj1fg !%=/f;folgs k|ltlj|mof ^ !%= /f;folgs k|ltlj| ^
mof
!^= UofF;x¿ ^ !^= UofF;x¿ *
!&=wft' / cwft' % !&= wft' %
!*=sfa{g / o;sf ^ !*=xfO8«f]sfa{g / ^
 क्षेत्र, विषयवस्तुको विस्तृतीकरण,सिकाइ सहजीकरण क्रियाकलाप तथा
मूल्याङ्कन प्रक्रिया र अनुमानित कार्यघण्टा-4
j|
ljifoj:t'sf] ;Defljt l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj| sfo
m ;Defljt d"Nofª\
PsfO lj:t[tLs/0 {3
=
f mofsnfkx¿ sg k|lj|mof
06f
;=
!= j}1fl !=!  h]D; jf6, yf]d; cNef Pl8;g, ;/ cfOHofs Go'6g,  k|Zg ;f]Wg, !)
gs cjnf]sg, rfN;\{ 8flj{g, hf]g 8fN6g h:tf s]xL j}1flgs cjnf]sg ug{ /
l;sf juL{s/0f sfo{ -cflj:sf/_ sf] rrf{ ub} j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj| lgisif{ lgsfNg
O / k/LIf0f mof / j}1flgs cWoogsf] kl/ro lbg] ;s]g ;s]sf]
 cjnf]sg, juL{s/0f / k/LIf0fsf Ps Ps cf]6f cjnf]sg u/]/
– cjwf/0ff
gd'gfx¿ k|:t't ub}{ cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg]{  lj|mofsnfk
– lj|
 ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutfdf cjnf]sg, juL{s/0f / ubf{ s'g
mofsnfk
x¿ k/LIf0f;DaGwL ljleGg lj|mofsnfkx¿ l8hfOg ljBfyL{ slt ;lj|
ug]{, tL sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug]{ r/0fx¿ tyf mo x'G5,
– dxŒj
ljlwx¿sf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug]{ / ;d"xut jf Psn goFf s'/f l;Sg
¿kdf sfd ug{ nufpg], ljBfyL{n] sfo{ ul//xFbf slt pT;flxt
cfOk/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos ;xhLs/0f ug] x'G5, k|
{ Zgf]Q/ slt u5{
 lj|mofsnfkx¿sf dfWodaf6 lj1fgsf] cWoogdf Vofn u/]/ 20
 cjnf]sg,
 क्षेत्र, विषयवस्तुको विस्तृतीकरण,सिकाइ सहजीकरण
क्रियाकलाप तथा मूल्याङ्कन प्रक्रिया र अनुमानित
कार्यघण्टा-5
j| PsfO ljifoj:t'sf] ;Defljt l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;Defljt d"Nofª\ sfo
sg k|lj|mof {
m lj:t[tLs/0f
306
=; f
!= j}1fl !=! j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|  s] ;a} la?jfsf kftx¿ p:t} x'G5g\ < of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm  lgwf{l/t lj| !)
mof vf]Hgsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ au}Frfdf n}hfg], cjnf]sg ug{ mofsnfkx¿df
gs  j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj| nufpg], cjnf]sg u/]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ l6kf]6 ug]{, lrq ljBfyL{x¿n]
l;sfO mofsf] kl/ro agfpg], 5nkmn ug]{, sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug]{nufotsf lj| cjnf]sg ug]{,
 cjnf]sg mofsnfkx¿df ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] k|of]u ug]{,
-observation_, k|of]u -  ljBfyL{n] k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hgsf nflu cjnDag u/]sf zf]wvf]h ug]
experiment_ / ;f]wvf] r/0fx¿nfO{ j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mof;Fu hf]8]/ j}1flgs { l;kx¿ k|b{zg
h- l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg]{ u/] gu/]sf]
inquiry_ ;DaGwL ;fdf  cjnf]sg, k|of]u / ;f]wvf]hsf Ps Pscf]6f gd'gfx¿ k|:t't x]/]/
Go lj|mofsnfkx¿ ub}{ cjnf]sg, k|of]u / ;f]wvf]h;DaGwL cjwf/0ff :ki6  j}1flgs
 j}1flgs cWoogdf kfg]{ cWoogdf
cjnf]sg, k|  ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfdf cjnf]sg, k|of]u / zf]wvf]h;DaGwL cjnf]sg, k|of]u
of]u / ;f]wvf]hsf] lj|mofsnfkx¿ l8hfOg ug]{, tL sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug]{ / zf]wvf]hsf]
dxŒj r/0fx¿ tyf ljlwx¿sf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug]{ / ;d"xut jf dxŒj atfpg
 j}1flgs pks/0fx¿ - Psn ¿kdf sfd ug{ nufpg], ljBfyL{n] sfo{ ul//xFbf nufP/
aG;]g ag{/, cfOk/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos ;xhLs/0f ug]{  j}1flgs
6«fOk8 :6of08,  dflysf] k|of]usf] cfwf/df lj1fgsf] cWoogdf cjnf]sg, k| pks/0fx¿ klxrf
21
sf]lgsn ˆnfS;, of]u / zf]wvf]hsf] dxŒj atfpg nufpg] / cfjZos g u/] gu/]sf]
 विस्तृतीकरण: 6
j| ;Defljt
sf=
m PsfO ljifoj:t' ;Defljt d'Vo lj|mofsnfk d"Nofª\sg
3=
=; k|lj|mof
! j}1flg !=! j}1flgs  j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mofsf ;DaGwdf dl:tis dGyg  k| !)
l;sfO k|lj|mof u/fpg] / ;fdfGo lj|mofsnfkx? dfkm{t j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|
s Zg ;f]Wg,
mofsf] cjwf/0ff lbg]
– kl/ro  cfwf/e't j}1flgs k|lj|mofut l;kx? cGtu{t cjnf]sg, cjnf]sg
l;sfO – cfwf/e't juL{s/0f, cg'dfg, k/LIf0f, eljiojf0fL, ug{ / ;/n
j}1flgs k|lj| lgisif{ lgsfNg] / ;~rf/ ug]{ h:tf kIfx? kg]{ s'/f pNn]v lgisif{ lgsf
mofut l;kx? ug]{ . k|To]s j}1flgs l;k;Fu ;DalGwt lj|mofsnfkx? k|:t't
ub}{ j}1flgs l;sfOsf k|lj|mof :ki6 kfg]{
Ng ;s]
-cjnf]sg,
 s'g} klg ljifodf k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ tyf cWoog u/]/ pko'St g;s]sf]
juL{s/0f,
cg'dfg ug'{, k/LIf0f ug{' / ;/n lgisif{ lgsfNg' / pQm cjnf]sg
cg'dfg, lgisif{nfO{ pknAw x'g] k|ljlw k|of]u u/]/ :t/Lo 9fFrfdf
k/LIf0f, u/]/
k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{ tyf k|:t't ug'{ j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mof
eljiojf0fL,  lj|mofsnfk
xf] egL :ki6 kfg]{ / of] ljlw;Fu} cjnDag ug{ k|]l/t ug]{
lgisif{ lgsfN  ljleGg ;fwf/0f j:t' tyf 36gfx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu ubf{ s'g
g], ;~rf/_ a/kmnfO{ kufNbf jf kfgLnfO{ hdfpFbf cfotgdf s]] s:tf] ljBfyL{ slt
– j}1flgs l;sfO kl/jt{g cfpF5 < la?jfnfO{ k|sfz gl5g]{ u/L 5f]k]/ s]xL ;lj|mo
k|lj|mofsf lbg /fVbf s] x'G5 < s'v'/fsf] k'mnnfO{ s]xL lbg cldnf]
kmnkm"nsf] /; jf leg]u/df 8'afP/ /fVbf s] x'G5 < cflb_
x'G5, goFf
r/0fx? -;d:of s'/f l;Sg slt
df dflysf r/0f k|of]u ug{ l;sfpg]
klxrfg,  s'g} klg kf7sf] lzIf0f ubf{ ;Dea eP;Dd k|of]ufTds lj| pT;flxt
 विस्तृतीकरण: 7

j| sf
;Defljt
m Psf =3
= ljifoj:t' d'Vo l;sfO lj|mofsnfk d"Nofª\sg
=
O k|lj|mof
;
10
! j}1fl !=! lj1fgsf k|  cGo PsfO;Fu ;DalGwt jf ;fdfGo k|of]ufTds  k|
gs of]ufTds sfo{ sfo{x? k|bz{g u/L cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] / ltj]bgsf]
– kl/ro / ;fdfGo pSt sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg n]vg 9fFrfsf ;DaGwdf d"Nofª\
l;sfO 5nkmn ug]{ sg u/]/
ljlw
 lj1fgsf k|of]ufTds sfo{ u/]kl5 To;sf] k|  df]8]n :t/
– k|of]ufTds
sfo{ k|ltj]bgsf ltj]bg n]Vgsf nflu j|mdzM lj|mofsnfksf] Lotf x]/]/
cª\ux? M zLif{s, p2]Zo, cg''dfg, cfjZos ;fdu|  k|:t'tLs/
zLif{s, p2]Zo, Lx¿sf] ;"rL, lrq, ljlw, glthf tyf lgZsif{ n]Vg 0fsf]
cg''dfg, l;sfpg] cjnf]sg
 s'g} Ps lj|mofsnfk -pbfx/0fsf nflu cf;jg lj| u/]/
cfjZos ;fdu|
Lx¿sf] ;"rL, mof åf/f ld>0f 5'6\ofpg] lj|mofsnfk_
lrq, ljlw, glthf u/fpg] / To;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ nufpg]
 p4]Zo lgwf{/0f, ;DalGwt l;4fGtsf] cWoog,
 विस्तृतीकरण: 8
j| sf
Jojxf/ ;Defljt
m Psf o{
= O ljifoj:t' s'zn d'Vo l;sfO lj|mofsnfk d"Nofª\sg k|
30
l;k lj|mof
; 6f
! j}1fl !=! lj1fgsf k|  k|  lj1fg ljifodf ul/g] s]xL k|  lj1fgsf k| !)
of]ufTds sfo{ of]u of]ufTds sfo{x?sf] pbfx/0fx? of]ufTds
gs k|:t't ug]{
– s]xL k|of]ufTds l;k, sfo{ ubf{ ckgfp
l;sfO sfo{x? l;sfO
 lj1fgsf k|of]ufTds
g' kg]{ ;fjwfgLx?
– ckgfpg' kg] sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]
l;k { ;fjwfgLx? cjnDag ug' kg]
cjnDag ug' kg]
{ ;fjwfgLx? {{ pkfox?sf] ;"rL
{{ pkfox?af/] 5nkmn u/L
!=@ ;/n ltgLx?sf] ;"rL agfpg] agfpg
cg';Gwfg, ;j]  j}1flgs cg';Gwfg;j]{If0fsf nufO{ To;sf]
{If0f ljleGg r/0fx? -ljifo tyf p2]Zo kfngf u/] gu/]sf]
– cg';Gwfg, ;j] 5gf]6, ljifo ;DaGwL cWoog jf cjnf]sg u/]/
{If0fsf r/0fx¿ - cjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg jf  ljleGg k|of]u,
p4]Zo 5gf]6, kl/sNkgf tof/L, tYofª\s ;ª\sng cg';Gwfg, ;j]{If0f
cg'dfg jf ljlw, cfj:os ;fdu|L 5gf]6, tYofª\
jf k/LIf0f
kl/sNkgf s ;ª\sng, ;slnt tYofª\
snfO{ j}1flgs 9ª\un] ;"rLs/0f, ug{ nufO cjnf]sg
lgdf{0f, tYofª\
tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f / lgisif{_ u/]/
 sIff (
ljifoj:t' / l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf ;Defljt ljlw d"Nofª\sgsf ;Defljt sfo{
ljifoj:t'sf] tyf lj|mofsnfkx¿ ljlw tyf lj| 306f
lj:t[tLs/0f mofsnfkx¿
! j}1flgs cWoog  ljBfyL{sf] k"j{1fgsf] cfwf/df  lj1fgsf] cy{, hLj &
– kl/ro k|Zgf]Tt/ ljlw k|of]u u/L lj1fg, ef}lts
!=! lj1fgsf If]qx¿ 5nkmn u/fpFb} s'g}klg a:t' lj1fg / /;fog lj1fgsf]
– hLj lj1fg tyf 36gfsf] Jojl:yt cWoognfO{ kl/ro tyf
– ef}lts lj1fg lj1fgsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ug]{ logLx¿;Fu ;DalGwt
– /;fog lj1fg  lj1fg ljifosf If]qx¿sf] kl/ro lbg] ljleGg If]qx¿ /
– e" tyf cGtl/If  5nkmnåf/f ljBfyL{nfO{ lj1fgsf k];fx¿sf af/]df
lj1fg If]qx¿ -hLj lj1fg, ef}lts j:t'ut / ljifout k|
– jftfj/0f lj1fg lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg Zgx¿ lgdf{0f u/L
!=@ lj1fgsf cflb_ ;Fu ;DalGwt df}lvs / lnlvt cEof;
ljleGg If]qx¿df k];fx¿ klxNofpg ;3fpg] u/fP/
k];fut cj;/x¿  >Job[iosf] k|of]u tyf  lj1fgsf pknlAwx¿sf
!=# lj1fg tyf k| 5nkmnåf/f hLj lj1fg, ef}lts af/]df n]Vg nufP/
ljlwsf pknlAw / lj1fg / /;fog lj1fgsf  k|of]uzfnfdf k|
r'gf}tLx¿
11/13/2024 cWoogaf6 ljZjn] k|fKt
Yubraj u/]sf
Adhikari, CDC of]ufTds 25
 If]q / j|md tyf ljifoj:t'sf]
d'Vo PsfO lj:t[tLs/0f M sIff !)
ljifoj:t' l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf ;Defljt lj|mofsnfkx¿ d"Nofª\ sf
If]q sgsf ;Djlwt =3
ljlwx¿
j}1flg != !=! j}1flgs  s'g} klg cWoogsf] glthfnfO{ k|efj kfg]  k|of]ufTds lj| %
s j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf r/x¿ { PseGbf a9L sf/s tŒj x'g] x'Fbf Ps k6sdf mofsnfkdf :jtG
cWoo cWoog – :jtGq r/ - Pp6f sf/ssf] k|efj dfq cWoog ug'{kg]{ tyf q, r/, cfl>t r/ /
g independent cGo sf/sx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ tYo lgolGqt r/ lrGg
variable_ a'emfpg] nufP/
– cfl>t r/ -  pbfx/0f;lxt :jtGq r/, cfl>t r/ / lgolGqt r/sf]  cfwf/e"t /
dependent
cy{ atfpg] / ltgLx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ l;sfpg] tThGo PsfO
variable_  s'g} j}1flgs kl/If0fsf] cjwf/0ff lrq -Concept map_ lrGg nufP/,
– lgolGqt r/ -
control k|:t't ub}{ tLg cf]6} r/x¿sf] ;DaGw k|i6 kfg]{ tThGo PsfOdf ;
variable_
 j}1flgs cWoog jf k|of]udf :jtGq +nUg cfwf/e"t
– r/ r/nfO{ :jOR5fn] kl/jt{g ul/g] / Tof] kl/jt{gn] PsfOx¿ kQf
lgoGq0fsf] cfl>t r/sf] dfgdf NofPsf] kl/jt{gsf] cWoog nufpg nufP/
dxŒj ul/g] / cfjZos lgZsif{ lgsflng] tYo pbfx/0f;lxt  PsfOx¿sf]
!=@ cfwf/e"t / a'emfpg] ljZn]if0faf6 ;dL
tThGo PsfO  cWoogsf] j|mddf :jtGq r/ / cfl>t r/sf] dfg s/0fsf] Ps¿ktf /
– kl/ro / dfkg ul/g] / x/]s gfksf] PsfO x'g] tYo atfpg] dfGotf hfFr ug{
pbfx/0fx¿  gfksf PsfO b'O{ k|sf/sf x'g] atfpFb} cfwf/e"t / nufP/
– tThGo tThGo PsfOsf] kl/ro tyf pbfx/0f lbg] / leGgtf
PsfOdf ; 5'6\6ofpg nufpg]
 tThGo PsfOdf ldl>t cfwf/e"t PsfOx¿sf] klxrfg
प्रयोगात्मक र परियोजना
कार्य

27
k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu ;Defljt lj|mofsnfkx¿ M $

 cfkm\gf] 3/ j/k/ j:t'x¿sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . cjnf]sg ul/Psf

j:t'x¿nfO{ ldNbfh'Nbf ;d"x
-s8f ;d"x, g/d ;d"x, km"n km'Ng] ;d"x, km"n gkm'Ng] ;d"x, kfgLdf 3'Ng] ;d"x,
kfgLdf g3'Ng] ;d"x, ;hLj j:t'x¿sf] ;d"x, lghL{j j:t'x¿sf] ;d"x cflb_ df juL{s/0f u/L
tflnsf agfpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
 las/, 6]:6 6\o'a, ;f]nL, aG;g ag{/, ?n/ / 38L cflbsf] :sDofl6s - Schematic_ lrq
sf]g'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
 lkmtfsf] k|of]u u/L tkfO{Fsf] 3/sf] sf]7fsf] nDafO / rf}8fO dfkg ug'{xf];\ .
rf}8fOeGbf nDafO slt nfdf] /x]5, ;]lG6ld6/ PsfOdf lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
 lj1fg / k|ljlw ljifodf pkof]uL x'g] hfgsf/Lx¿ OG6/g]6df vf]h ug'{xf];\ . pSt
hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf cfbfgk|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
 cfkm\gf] 3/ j/k/ jf ljBfnosf] au}Frfdf hfg'xf];\ . pSt :yfgdf hgfj/ / la?jfx¿n] Ps csf{df
s;/L ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ < cjnf]sg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
 tkfO{Fsf] 3/ j/k/ b]lvPsf 9f8 ePsf / gePsf hgfj/x¿ cjnf]sg u/L 5'6\6f5'6\6} ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ . pSt ;"rLaf6 9f8 ePsf ePsf / gePsf Ps Ps hgfj/sf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
28
 k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf
nflu ;Defljt lj|mofsnfkx¿ M %
 aG;]g ag{/, 6«fOk8 :6ofG8, sf]lgsn ˆnfS;, /fpG8 a6d ˆnfS;, d]hl/ª l;lnG8/, 9s t/fh',
sdfgL t/fh' / ydf]{ld6/ cflbsf] :sDofl6s lrq sf]g'{xf];\ / Pp6f Pp6f k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
 sIffsf kfFr hgf ;fyLx¿sf] lk08 -s]hL_ / prfO -ld6/_ dfkg u/L lk08sf nflu 5'6\6} /
nDafOsf nflu 5'6\6} jf/u|fkm tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps Ps lunf; lk7f], afn'jf jf df6f], rfdn / lrp/fsf] 5'6\6f5'6\6} lk08 lng'xf];\ . tnsf]
tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'sf] lk08 t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . ux|'ª\uf] b]lv xn'ª\uf]sf] j|mddf ldnfP/
/fVg'xf];\ .
j:t' rfdn lk7f] afn'jf jf df6f] lrp/f
cfotg Ps lunf; Ps lunf; Ps lunf; Ps lunf;
lk08 ======== ======== ======== ========
===== ======= ===== ======
lgisif{
 ;"rgf kfOg] ;|f]tx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ / k|To]s ;|f]tsf] Ps Ps k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
oL sfo{nfO{ j8{ k|f];];/ k|of]u u/L clen]v tof/ ug'xf];\ .
 ljBfno tyf 3/df k|of]u ul/g] pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . tL ;|f]tx¿sf]
pkof]u s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < 5f]6f] ljj/0f tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
29
 प्रयोगात्मक र परियोजना कार्य -6
! j}1flg 1. 3/ glhs}sf] b'Uw 8]/L, ls/fgf k;n cflbdf uO{ t/n kbfy{sf] kl/df0f
s l;sfO gfKg k|of]u ul/g] ln6/ / ldlnln6/sf efF8fx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] dfWodaf6
pSt t/n kbfy{x¿ gfk]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ . tL kl/df0fx¿ dWo] s'g}
b'O{ cf]6f -t]n, b"w_ t/n kbfy{nfO{ d]hl/ª l;ln08/sf] ;xfotfaf6
cfotg kQf nufpg] . gfkdf ePsf] Ps¿ktf jf km/skgfsf] t'ngf ug]{
2. lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf ePsf pks/0fx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ lrq agfpg] / s:tf]
gfksf nflu s:tf] pks/0f k|of]u x'G5 tflnsfdf
pks/0fsf] lrq b]vfpg]
pks/0fsf] gfd gfksf] k|of]hg
sdfgL t/fh' j:t'sf] tf}n
pbfx/0f gfKg

3. s'g} Pp6f s]xL prfO ePsf] j:t'nfO{ ;"o{sf] k|sfz ePsf] 7fpFdf
/fVg] / km/s km/s ;dosf] cGt/fndf To;sf] 5fofFsf] nDafO gfk]/
tflnsfdf eg]{ . o;af6 s] lgisif{ kfpof] < n]Vg]
@ ;"rgf 1. sDKo'6/sf efux¿sf] ;kmf lrq agfO{ k|To]s sfdsf] ljj/0f tof/ kfg]{
tyf ;~ 2. sDKo'6/df s'g} Pp6f l:k|8 l;6 kmfOn tof/ kf/L k|:t't ug]{
rf/ k| 3. df]jfOn jf Sofd]/f k|of]u u/L sIffdf k9]sf] s'g} ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt
प्रयोगात्मक र परियोजना कार्य
 प्रयोगात्मक र परियोजना कार्य ८
j| If]q ;Defljt k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{x?
m=;
=
j}1flgs != la?jfsf] ljsf; tyf c+s'/0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ kIfx?df Wofg lbO{ lapaf6
! la?jfsf] c+s'/0f eO{ la?jfsf ljleGg efux?sf] ljsf; ePsf] s'/fnfO{ lgoldt ?
l;sfO
kdf cjnf]sg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{
;"rgf 1. cfˆgf] ljBfno jf glhssf sfof{no÷;+3;:yfx?sf] e|d0f u/L ToxfF
@ kmf]6f]slk, :Sofg/, lk|G6/, /fp6/, jfO{ kmfO{ l8efO{;, l6=le= ;]6ck
tyf ;~rf/
aS; nufot s] s] cfOl;6Lsf ;fwgx? k|of]u ePsf 5g\ tYofª\s ;+sng u/L k|
k|ljlw ltj]bg tof/ ug]{
hLjx? / 1. Kofh sf]ifsf] c:yfoL :nfO8 lgdf{0f u/L dfO{j|mf]:sf]ksf] ;xfotfn]
# cjnf]sg u/L lrq sf]g]{
ltgLx?sf]
-cfjZos ;fdfu|L : Forcep, camel brush, sufrinine, slide, watch glass, Glycerene, Coverslip microscope.)
jgf]6 2. sf8{af]8{, /ªLg wfuf] tyf l;lnsf jf cGo j:t' k|of]u u/L hgfj/ sf]if tyf la?jf
sf]ifsf] df]8]n tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug]{
h}ljs 1. tLgcf]6f kfp/f]6Lsf] 6'j|mfx? dWo] klxnf] 6'j|mfnfO{ cFWof]/f]
$ 7fpFdf, bf];|f] 6'j|mfnfO{ 3fd nfUg] 7fpFdf / t];|f] 6'j|mfnfO{ pHofnf]
ljljwtf /
7fpdf /fVg] / k|To]s lbg cjnf]sg ug]{ . s]xL lbgkl5 To;df 9';L pd|]
jftfj0f
 k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ M
j| PsfO
sIff !)
gd'gf k|of]ufTds sfo{
m
=;
=
!= ;"rgf • sIffsf]7fdf cWoog ul/Psf s'g} Ps ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt
tyf ;~rf/ kmf]6f] tyf lel8of] lvr]/ ;Dkfbg u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug]{
k|ljlw
@ ef}lts tyf • lj|ms]6 an / elnannfO{ afb{nLaf6 ;Fu} v;fP/ x]bf{ s'g
= cGtl/If l56f] e'OFdf k'U5 jf ;Fu} k'U5g\ cWoog u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg]
lj1fg • sfuhsf] kfgf / 8Nnf] xfjfdf v;fP/ xfjfsf] cj/f]w c;/ cWoog
ug]{ / clen]vLs/0f ug]{
• Knfl:6s gnLn] d'v hf]8]sf ljleGg l;l/Ghdf kfgL e/]/ kf:snsf]
lgod k|bz{g ug]{
• afN6Lsf] kfgLdf t}l//x]sf] ss{ jf cGo pqg] j:t'nfO{ xftn]
lyr]/ kfgLdf 8'afO{ kfgLsf] pWj{rfk cg'ej ug]{ /
 परियोजना कार्यः कक्षा १०
j| PsfO gd'gf kl/of]hgf sfo{
m=;
=
!= ;"rgf • l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] k|efj;DaGwL hNbf]aNbf] s'g} Ps ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf
tyf ;~rf/ k| tl/sfx¿ vf]hL ug]{ / k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{
ljlw
@= ef}lts tyf • sfuhsf] 8Nnf], 9'ª\uf, sf7sf] 6'j|mf / kmnfdsf]
cGtl/If lj1fg j:t'nfO{ afb{nLaf6 ;Fu} v;fpg] / s'g klxnf e'OFdf cfOk'U5 cWoog
ug]{, k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{
• Knfl:6s gnLn] d'v hf]8]sf ljleGg l;l/Gh k|of]u u/L /f]af]6sf] gd'gf
agfpg]
• k|of]uzfnfdf jf 3/df kfOg] ;/n j:t' h:t}M cfn'ldlgod kmf]On jf rfOgf
Sn] jf sf7sf] 6'j|mf k|of]u u/]/ cfls{ldl8hn] ;'gsf] d's'6df s;/L ;'gsf]
z'4tf hfFr] k|bz{g ug]{
• kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfkwf/0f Ifdtfsf] k|of]u u/L Pp6f aG;g ag{/ jf l:kl/6
aQLn] k|lt ldg]6 Go"gtd slt tfkzlSt pTkfbg u5{ gfKg] / tYofª\s k|:t't
ug]{
• ljleGg cfsf/sf] Knfl:6s an, kf/bz{s Knfl:6s, Un' cflb k|of]u u/L ;fwf/0f
cfFvfsf] df]8]n agfpg] / k|:t't ug]{
• b[li6bf]if ePsf] cfFvfsf] df]8]n agfO{ r:dfn] s;/L b[li6bf]if
Thanks for your
active
! participation
35