A
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING Presentation
On
ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment
For The Award Of The Degree Of
Bachelor Of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MR. CHIRAG ARORA TANISHQ SINGODIYA
HOD (EE) 21EAIEE024
7TH SEM EE
Department Of Electrical Engineering
Arya College Of Engineering
Rajasthan Technical University , Kota , Rajasthan 1
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• VEHICLE FUNDAMENTALS
• VEHICLE FORCES
• TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
• ELECTRIC MOTORS USED IN EV
• BATTERY FUNDAMENTALS
• SELECTION AND SIZING OF BATTERY
• BMS FUNDAMENTALS
• Conclusion
• Reference
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INTRODUCTION
• Electric Vehicles (EVs) are vehicles powered by electric motors
instead of internal combustion engines. They are typically charged by
plugging into an electrical outlet.
• EVs offer benefits like reduced emissions, lower operating costs, and
instant torque. However, challenges include range anxiety, charging
infrastructure, and battery costs.
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VEHICLE FUNDAMENTALS
Here are the fundamental components of an EV:
• Battery Pack: This is the heart of an EV, storing electrical energy. It's
made up of individual battery cells, often lithium-ion cells due to their
high energy density and long lifespan.
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• Electric Motor: This converts electrical energy from the battery into
mechanical energy to drive the wheels. Evs can use various types of
motors .
• Control System: This manages the overall operation of the EV,
including motor control, battery management and vehicle dynamics.
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• Power Electronics: This system manages the flow of electricity
between the battery and the motor. It includes components like
inverters and DC-to-DC converters, which control the voltage and
current to optimize efficiency and performance.
• Charging System: This allows the EV to recharge its battery. EVs can
be charged using various methods, including:
Level 1 charging: Using a standard household outlet(110V-120V)
Level 2 charging: Using a dedicated charging station (240V)
Level 3 charging: Using a fast-charging station (DC fast charging)
• Electric Drive Train: This system connects the motor to the wheels,
typically through a single-speed transmission or a gear reduction unit.
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• Onboard Charger : This is a component that converts alternating
current (AC) from the charging station into direct current (DC) for the
battery.
• Safety Features : EVs have various safety features, such as airbags,
anti-lock brakes, and electronic stability control, similar to traditional
vehicles.
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VEHICLE FORCES
Following are the forces act on vehicle :
• Aerodynamic force : Aerodynamic forces arise from the interaction
between a vehicle's surface and the surrounding air. These forces are
primarily determined by the vehicle's shape, orientation, and speed
relative to the air.
• Rolling resistance force : It is the force that opposes the motion of a
rolling object. When a wheel or tire rolls along a surface, it encounters
friction between the wheel and the surface. This friction creates a
force that resists the rolling motion.
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• Road gradient force : It is the force that acts on a vehicle due to the
slope of the road. When a vehicle is moving uphill, this force acts
against the vehicle's motion, requiring additional power to overcome.
When a vehicle is moving downhill, this force acts in favor of the
vehicle's motion, potentially reducing the need for power.
• Gravitational force : It is the force that attracts objects towards the
Earth's center. This force is responsible for the weight of the vehicle,
which in turn affects its rolling resistance and overall performance.
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TYPE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Electric vehicles are majorly categorize into four types :
1. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV): A battery electric vehicle (BEV) is a
type of electric vehicle that uses a rechargeable battery as its
primary energy source.BEVs are powered by a pack of lithium-ion
batteries, which store electrical energy. When the driver presses
the accelerator, the battery sends electricity to an electric motor
that drives the wheels.
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2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle : A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of
vehicle that combines a traditional gasoline engine with an electric
motor. This combination allows for improved fuel efficiency and
reduced emissions compared to vehicles powered solely by
gasoline.
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3. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) : It is a type of hybrid vehicle
that can be plugged into an electrical outlet to recharge its battery.
This allows for a longer electric-only range compared to traditional
hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).PHEVs typically have a larger battery
pack than HEVs, enabling them to travel a greater distance on
electric power alone.
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• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle : A fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is a type
of electric vehicle that uses a fuel cell to generate electricity to power
its electric motor. Unlike battery electric vehicles (BEVs) that store
electricity in a battery, FCEVs produce electricity on-board by
combining hydrogen and oxygen.
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ELECTRIC MOTORS USED IN EV
Here are the main types of motors used in electric vehicles (EVs):
• Induction Motors: These are the most common type of motor used in
EVs due to their simplicity, reliability, and lower cost. They work by
creating a magnetic field that interacts with the rotor, causing it to
rotate.
• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs): These motors
use permanent magnets in the rotor, which provides a constant
magnetic field. PMSMs are known for their high efficiency and torque
density.
• Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs): These motors use variable
reluctance to produce torque. SRMs are generally less efficient than
induction or PMSM motors, but they can be more robust and less
expensive. 14
BATTERY FUNDAMENTALS
A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and releases it as
electrical energy when needed. It's essentially a collection of
electrochemical cells connected together.
• Electrodes: Batteries have two main electrodes: the anode (negative
terminal) and the cathode (positive terminal).
• Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a substance (liquid, solid, or gel) that
allows the movement of ions between the electrodes.
• Chemical Reaction: When a battery is connected to a circuit, a
chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and the electrolyte.
This reaction produces electrons that flow through the circuit,
creating an electric current.
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SELECTION AND SIZING OF BATTERY
The selection and sizing of batteries in EVs is a critical factor in
determining the vehicle's range, performance, and cost. Several key
considerations influence these decisions :
1. Battery Chemistry
2. Battery Capacity (kWh)
3. Charging Speed
4. Battery Management System(BMS)
5. Vehicle type and usage
6. Cost and Availability
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Sizing Considerations:
• Energy Consumption: Estimate the vehicle's energy consumption
based on factors like weight, aerodynamics, and driving conditions.
• Target Range: Determine the desired driving range on a single charge.
• Charging Infrastructure: Consider the availability of charging stations
and the desired charging time.
• Battery Weight and Volume: Ensure the battery fits within the
vehicle's design constraints and doesn't significantly impact
performance.
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BMS FUNDAMENTALS
• A battery management system (BMS) is crucial for monitoring and
managing the battery's performance. It tracks parameters like voltage,
temperature, state of charge (SOC), and state of health (SOH). The
BMS ensures safe operation, prevents overheating or overcharging,
and optimizes battery life.
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CONCLUSION
• Industrial training in electric vehicles has provided invaluable insights into the
burgeoning field of sustainable transportation.
• Gain practical knowledge: I have acquired a deep understanding of the
components, systems, and technologies involved in electric vehicles. This
includes batteries, motors, control systems, and charging infrastructure .
Develop technical skills: I have honed my technical abilities through
practical tasks such as assembling, testing, and troubleshooting electric
vehicle components. This experience has enhanced my problem-solving and
analytical skills.
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REFERENCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation
http://www.cromptonusa.com/Potential%20Transformers.pdf
https://circuitglobe.com/electrical-substation-equipment.html#:~:tex
t=Lightning%20Arrestor&text=It%20protects%20the%20substation%
20equipment,under%20protection%20at%20the%20substation
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THANK YOU
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