KINGDOM

FUNGI

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Characteristics

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 Fungi are NOT
plants
 Nonphotosyntheti
c
 Eukaryotes
 Nonmotile
 Most are
 saprophytic (live
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 Absorptive heterotrophs
(digest food first & then
absorb it into their
bodies
 Release digestive
enzymes to break down
organic material or their
host
 Store food energy asBREAD 4
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 Important
decomposers &
recyclers of
nutrients in the
environment
 Most are
multicellular, except
MULTICELLULA
unicellular yeast R MUSHROOM
UNICELLULAR
 Lack true roots,
YEAST 7
 Cell walls are made of
chitin (complex
polysaccharide)
 Body is called the
Thallus
 Grow as microscopic
tubes or filaments called
hyphae
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 Some fungi are internal or
external parasites
 A few fungi act like
predators & capture prey
like roundworms
Predaceous
Fungi feeding
on a
Nematode
(roundworm) 9
 Some are edible, while
others are poisonous

EDIBLE POISONOUS 10
 Produce both
sexual and
asexual spores
 Classified by
their sexual
reproductive
structures
Spores come
in various
shapes
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 Grow best in warm, moist
environments
 Mycology is the study of
fungi
 Mycologists study fungi
 A fungicide is a chemical
used to
Fungicide
kill fungi
kills leaf
fungus
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 Fungi include
puffballs, yeasts,
mushrooms,
toadstools, rusts,
smuts, ringworm, Penicillium mold

and molds
 The antibiotic
penicillin is made
by the Penicillium 13
Puffball
Vegetative
Structures

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 Tubular shape
 ONE continuous
cell
 Filled with
cytoplasm &
nuclei
 Multinucleate
 Hard cell wall of
chitin also in
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 Stolons –
horizontal
hyphae that
connect groups
of hyphae to
STOLO
each other N
 Rhizoids –
rootlike parts RHIZOIDS

of hyphae that
anchor the 16
 Cross-walls called
SEPTA may form
compartments
 Septa have pores
for movement of
cytoplasm
 Form network
called mycelia
that run through
the thallus (body)
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 ABSORPTIVE
HETEROTROPH
 Fungi get carbon from organic
sources
 Tips of Hyphae release enzymes

 Enzymatic breakdown of

substrate
Nucleus “directs” the digestive
 Products diffuse
process
back into hyphae

Digested material is then

used by the hypha
 Fungi may be classified based
on cell division (with or without
cytokinesis)
 Aseptate or coenocytic (without

septa)
 Septate
NO (with septa)
CROSS CROSS
WALLS WALLS

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 HAUSTORIA –
parasitic hyphae on
plants & animals

Septate Coenocytic
Hyphae Hyphae

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 Hyphae grow from their tips
 Mycelium is an extensive,
feeding web of hyphae
 Mycelia are the ecologically
active bodies of fungi
This wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches

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 REPRODUCTIVE
STRUCTURES
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES

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REPRODUCTION

 Most fungi reproduce

Asexually and Sexually by
spores
 ASEXUAL reproduction is most
common method & produces
genetically identical organisms
 Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY
when conditions are poor &
nutrients scarce 23
 SPORES
 Spores are an adaptation to
life on land
 Ensure that the species will
disperse to new locations
 Each spore contains a
reproductive cell that forms a
new organism
 Nonmotile
 Dispersed by wind 24
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 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Used when
environmental
conditions are poor
(lack of nutrients,
space, moisture…)
 No male or female
fungi
 Some fungi show
dimorphism
 May grow as

MYCELIA or a YEAST
–LIKE state Dimorphic Fungi 26
o
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Haploid 1n hyphae from 2 mating
types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)
 Forms a hyphae with 2 nuclei that
becomes a ZYGOTE
 The zygote divides to make a
SPORE

+ -

SPORE 27
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 THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

 Fragmentation – part of the

mycelium becomes separated &
begins a life of its own
 Budding – a small cell forms & gets
pinched off as it grows to full size
 Used by yeasts

 Asexual spores – production of

spores by a single mycelium
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 Spores may be
Formed:
 Directly on hyphae
 Inside sporangia
 On Fruiting bodies
Penicillium
hyphae

Amanita fruiting body

Pilobolus sporangia
 Fruiting Bodies are modified
hyphae that make asexual
spores
 An upright stalk called the
Sporangiosphore supports the
spore case or Sporangium

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 Types of Sporangia
Fruiting
Bodies:
 Basidia

 Sporangia

 Ascus

Basidia
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Fruiting Bodies

Both are
compose
d of
hyphae

mycelium
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 Germinating spore

mycelium
 Mycelia have a huge surface
area
 More surface area aids
digestion & absorption of 34
Evolution of Fungi

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 Which of the
following is
most closely
related to a
mushroom
(fungus)?
 WHY?
Recent DNA-
based studies
show that
fungi are more
similar to
animals than 36
Evolution of the
Fungi
 Fungi are classified by their
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES and
SPORES
 The reproductive structures
are:
 BASIDIA - BASIDIOMYCOTA
 SPORANGIA - ZYGOSPORANGIA
 ASCUS - ASCOMYCOTA
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 Spores are made of:
 Dehydrated cytoplasm
 Protective coat
 Haploid cell
 Wind, animals, water, &
insects spread spores
 Spores germinates when they
land on a moist surface (new
hyphae form) 39
 asci
basidia
zygosporan
gia
motile Classificati
spores
on &
Phylogeny 40
Major Groups of
Fungi

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 MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI
 Within the past
few years,
several groups
have been re-
classified into
the protists
 Two of these
groups are the
slime molds and
water molds
 Saprobes
 Decomposers
 Molds, mushrooms, etc.
 Parasites
 Harm host
 Rusts and smuts (attack plants)
 Mutualists
 Both benefit
 Lichens
 Mycorrhizas
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 MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI

 Basidiomycota – Club Fungi

 Zygomycota – Bread Molds
 Chytridiomycota – Chytrids
 AM Fungi - Mycorrhizas
 Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
 Lichens – Symbiosis (algae &
Fungi)
ZYGOMYCOTA

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 Rhizopus on
 Called the sporangium strawberries
fungi
 Commonly called molds
 Also includes blights
 Hyphae have no cross
walls (aseptate)
Tomato Blight
 Grow rapidly
 Includes bread mold
Rhizopus stolonifer
 Asexual reproductive structure
called sporangium atop
sporangiospores make spores
 Rhizoids anchor the mold & release
digestive enzymes & absorb food
 Stolons connect the fruiting bodies
 Sexual spores are produced by
conjugation when (+) hyphae and
(-) hyphae fuse
 Sexual spores are called
ZYGOSPORES
 Zygospores can endure harsh
environments until conditions
zygospore
improve
BASIDIOMYCOTA

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 Called Club fungi
 Includes:
 Mushrooms
 Toadstools
 Bracket & Shelf fungi
 Puffballs
 Stinkhorns
 Rusts and smuts
 Some are used
as food
(mushrooms)
 Others damage
crops (rusts & Portobello
Mushrooms
smuts)
Corn Soybean
Smut Rust
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLUB
FUNGI
 Seldom reproduce asexually
 The visible mushroom is a fruiting
body
 Basidiocarp (fruiting body) is made
of a stalk called the stipe and a
flattened cap with gills called
Basidia underneath
 Basidiospores are found on basidia
 Annulus is a skirt-like ring around
some stipes
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 Hyphal fusion mycelium and fruiting
of haploid body are dikaryotic
haploid
mycelia
mycelium

N 2N N+N

Meiosis
Nuclear
fusion in
basidium
young basidia - the Fig 31.12
only diploid cells 53
ASCOMYCOTA

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 Called Sac fungi
 Includes Cup fungi, morels,
truffles, yeasts, and mildew
 May be plant parasites (Dutch elm
disease and Chestnut blight)
 Reproduce sexually & asexually
 Ascus - sac that makes ascospores
in sexual reproduction
 Specialized hyphae known as
Ascocarps contain the asci
 Yeasts reproduce
asexually by
budding (buds
break off to make
more yeast cells)
 Asexual spores
called conidia form
on the tips of
special hyphae
CONIDIA
called
CONIDIA FORMATION

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YEASTS BUDDING

Saccharomyces
 Truffles and morels
are good examples of
edible ascomycetes
 Penicillium mold
makes the antibiotic
penicillin.
 Some ascomycetes
also gives flavor to
certain cheeses.
 Saccharomyces
cerevesiae (yeast) is
used to make bread
rise and to ferment
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

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 Called chytrids
 Produce motile
spores
 Mostly
saprobes and
parasites in
aquatic
habitats
 Biodegrade and Chytrid that attacks
recycle Potatoes
MYCORRHIZA

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 MYCORRHIZAS
 Fungus associated with plant
roots
 Mutualism between:
 Fungus (nutrient & water uptake for
plant)
 Plant (carbohydrate for fungus)
 Several kinds:
 Zygomycota – hyphae invade root
cells
 Ascomycota & Basidiomycota –
hyphae invade root but don’t 63
LICHENS

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 LICHENS
 Mutualism
between:
 Fungus (structure)
 Algae or
cyanobacteria
(provides food)
 Form a thallus
(body)
 Foliose
 Fruticose
 Crustose
LICHEN STRUCTURE

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 LICHENS AS BIOMONITORS
 Thalli act like sponges
 Some species more sensitive
than others to pollutants
 Which species are present can
indicate air quality
 Most resistant species can also
be analyzed for pollutants

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