THE NATURE OF
MATHEMATICS
INTRODUCTION
• Why do you need to study mathematics ?
• What is the importance of mathematics in your daily life
WHAT IS MATHEMATICS
• The word mathematics comes from the Greek word
Mathema, which in ancient Greek language which means
“that which is learnt” or “lesson” in modern Greek.
• Mathematics is defined as the science of patterns and
relationships.
• The science of structure, order and relations that has
evolved from the elemental practices of counting,
measuring, and describing the shapes and characteristics of
objects.
CHARACTERISTIC OF MATHEMATICS
• Classification
• Logical sequence
• Structure
• Precision and Accuracy
• Abstractness
• Symbolism
• Applicability
• Generalization
CLASSIFICATION
• Within logical-mathematical knowledge is the
process of classification which represents the first
step towards learning more complex mathematical
concepts. Classification generates a series of mental
relations though which objects are grouped
according to similarities and differences depending
on specific criteria such as shape, color, size etc.
LOGICAL SEQUENCE
• Ideas in mathematics need to flow in order that
make sense. The sequence can naturally match what
occurs in a text ( main idea) and what reader needs
to understand.
• Ex.: Alpha-numeric sequence
Number sequence
STRUCTURE
• In mathematics a structure on a set is an additional
mathematical object that is related to that given set
in some particular characteristic or manner , and
attaches ( or relates) to that set to endow it with
additional meaning or significance.
• Ex.: operation, relation, metric or topology
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
• Accuracy is how close a
measured value is to the actual
( true) value. It is the degree to
which a given quantity is
correct and free from error.
• Precision, on the other hand, is
how close the measured values
are to each other
ABSTRACTNESS
• Abstraction is the process of extracting the
underlying essence of a mathematical concept by
taking away any dependence on real-world objects.
Ex.: Finding the area of land during land survey
The counting and quantity principle
SYMBOLISM
• A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination
of figures that is used to represent a mathematical
object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation
between mathematical objects, or for structuring the
other symbols that occur in a formula.
APPLICABILITY
•The applicability of mathematics can
lie everywhere on a spectrum from
the completely simple to the utterly
complex . Mathematics can be used
in all fields of human endeavors
GENERALIZATION
• Making generalization is the
fundamentals of mathematics. It is a skill
that must be developed among students.
It is important in functioning society.
NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
•A science of measure
•Intellectual game
•The art of drawing conclusion
•A tool subject
•A system of logical procedure
A SCIENCE OF MEASURES
• Measurement is an integral part of modern
science as well as of engineering, commerce,
and daily life. It is an activity that involves
interaction with concrete system with the aim
of representing aspects of that system in
abstract terms if concrete implies real. It often
involves representation of ideal systems
INTELLECTUAL GAME
Intellectual game are games of skill that
require significant intelligence and cognitive
effort. These games may be largely based on a
wide or deep knowledge, where the major test
is the person’s ability is to remember and to
recall.
THE ART OF DRAWING CONCLUSION
• Making sense of this world is natural
characteristic that everyone must develop .
Making sense of mathematics using logical
thinking is the foundation of reasoning and
proof standard.
A TOOL SUBJECT
• In many field human activity, mathematics is
undeniably a highly powerful instrument of
investigation. Mathematics is applied in all
fields …
A SYSTEM OF LOGICAL PROCEDURE
• Problem solving is an important component of
mathematics. It is more than a vehicle for
teaching and reinforcing mathematical
knowledge and helping to meet everyday
challenges. Problem- solving is also a skill
which can enhance our logical reasoning
AN INTUITIVE METHOD
• Mathematics have traditionally regarded
intuition as the way of understanding proofs
and conceptualizing problems.
• It also requires the use of intuition, the ability
to see what is reasonable or not, and the
ability to put all these together.
MATHEMATICS AS A SCIENCE OF
PATTERNS
• The Characterization of mathematics as the
“study of patterns” had been first made by
British mathematician, G.H. Hardy.
• He said that “a mathematician, like a painter
or a poet, is a master of patterns. If his
patterns are more permanent than theirs, it is
because they are made with ideas”.
LOGIC PATTERNS
• Usually used in Aptitude test
• To construct or solve a pattern, understand
the nature of sequence, and analyze the
difference between the two successive terms.
WHAT SHOULD BE THE FIGURE IN THIS
SEQUENCE?
WHAT SHOULD BE THE FIGURE IN THIS
SEQUENCE?
WHAT SHOULD BE THE FIGURE IN THIS
SEQUENCE?
WHAT SHOULD BE THE FIGURE IN THIS
SEQUENCE?
WHAT SHOULD BE THE FIGURE IN THIS
SEQUENCE?
NUMBER PATTERNS
• Mathematics is very useful in making predictions.
• Steps in determining the rule that defines the pattern:
• 1. Look for the differences between two consecutive
numbers (using addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, squares, cube, primes, etc.)
2. Find other operations used in the pattern.
• If the numbers in a pattern change in the same way or
in the same value each time, then that type of pattern
is called a repeating pattern.
WHAT IS THE NEXT NUMBER IN THE
SEQUENCE:
11, 13, 17, 19, 23, ____ ?
ANSWER
29
WHAT IS THE NEXT NUMBER IN THE
SEQUENCE:
100, 98, 96, 94, ____ ?
ANSWER
92
WHAT IS THE NEXT NUMBER IN THE
SEQUENCE:
12, 13, 15, 18, 22, ____ ?
ANSWER
27
• C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\01 LCD Slides 1.ppsx
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
AND SYMBOL
• LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
• ELEMENTARY LOGIC
ELEMENTARY LOGIC
• LOGICAL CONECTIVE
is a symbol which is used to connect two or
more propositional or predicate logics in such a
manner that resultant logic depends only on the
input logics and the meaning of the connective used.
COMMON LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES OPERATOR
•NEGATION
•CONJUNCTION
•DISJUNCTION
NEGATION
• In Mathematics, the negation of a statement is
the opposite of the given mathematical
statement. If “P” is a statement, then the
negation of statement P is represented by ~P.
The symbols used to represent the negation of
a statement are “~” or “¬”
For example,
the sum of 2 and 2 is 4. The negation of the given
statement is “the sum of 2 and 2 is not 4¬”
NEGATION TRUTH TABLE
P ~P
T F
F T
CONJUNCTION
is a statement formed by adding two
statements with the connector AND. The
symbol for conjunction is ‘∧’ which can be read
as ‘and’. When two statements p and q are
joined in a statement, the conjunction will be
expressed symbolically as p ∧ q. If both the
combining statements are true, then this
CONJUNCTION TRUTH TABLE
P Q P∧Q
T T T
F F F
F T F
T F F
EXAMPLE
• Let P: 5 be a rational number
• Q: 15 be a prime number. Is it a conjunction?
Let P: 5 be a rational number and Q: 15 be a prime
number. Is it a conjunction?
• Solution:
• Given that P: 5 is a rational number. This proposition
is true.
• Q: 15 is a prime number. This proposition is false as
15 is a composite number.
• Therefore, as per the truth table, p and q is a false
ound statement formed by joining two statements with the connector OR. The disjunction "p or q" is symbolized by p q. A disjunction is false if and only if both statements are false; otherwise
DISJUNCTION
• is a compound statement formed by joining
two statements with the connector OR. The
disjunction "p or q" is symbolized by p V q.
A disjunction is false if and only if both
statements are false; otherwise it is true.
DISJUNCTION TRUTH TABLE
EXAMPLE
• p: 25×4=100
• q : A trapezoid has two pairs of opposite sides
parallel.
SOLUTION
• p∨q :25×4=100 or A trapezoid has two pairs
of opposite sides parallel.
• Therefore
p V q = true
