Research on the development and production of sodium ion battery charger and

their future prospects

MUHAMMAD TASEER ALI 70101021
MURADIF ABBAS 70100763
USMAN JAVED 70100713
ABDULLLAH RIAZ 70095210
What is sodium ion battery?
The sodium-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses sodium ions as its charge carriers.

What is in a sodium-ion battery?

In a sodium-ion battery, lithium ions are replaced with sodium ions in the battery's cathode, and
lithium salts swapped for sodium salts in the electrolyte. Sodium-ion batteries have been around for
decades, but large-scale development of the technology was abandoned in favor of lithium-ion
batteries
What is sodium ion battery?
A sodium-ion battery is a powerhouse of performance that optimizes a sodium-ion cell for electric output. Before diving deep into the working principle of a sodium-ion battery it is good to know some key terms related to the sodium ion battery

Sodium: Sodium (Na) is a highly reactive, soft, silvery Solvent Mixture: A solvent mixture is an electrolyte
white chemical element with an atomic number 11. Im solvent that enables high ionic conductivity and has a
symbol is derived from the Latin name, Natrium. wide operating temperature range.
Ion: An ion is an atom or a group of items with a net Al Current Collector: Aluminum foil acts as a
electric charge due to the gain or loss of electrons suitable current collector because it provides high
Electrode: An electric conductor that carries electric electrical conductivity and stability
current and is vital to producing a battery's electric Binder: Binder materials prevent electrode selling
charge and hold active material particles within an electrode
Anode: An anode is where oxidation takes place during together
the discharge process it acts as an electron acceptor.
Intercalation: The process refers to the reversible
Cathode: A cathode is where reduction takes place inclusion of ions between layered materials or
during the discharge process. It acts as an electron donor. structures
Electrolyte: It is the ionic medium for current transfer De-intercalation: The process refers to removing
Separator: A separator is a polymer-based membrane molecules inserted between layered materials or
that is porous and acts as an electrical insulator to structures.
prevent an internal short circuit. It facilitates ion
transport and averts contact between the anode and
cathode
Purpose of this
research
 The increasing demand for
efficient and sustainable energy
storage technologies has driven
the exploration of alternative
battery convention lithium ion
batteries.
 Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have
emerged as a promising
candidate due to the abundance
and lower cost of sodium
resources compared to lithium.
 This presentation aims to provide
a comprehensive overview of the
current state of research and
development in sodium-ion
battery technology, including the
materials used, electrode design,
and performance characteristics
Introduction

• Current energy landscapes

• Importance of energy storage
• Limitations of existing lithium-ion
batteries technology
• Concept of sodium ion batteries
• Potential advantages and
disadvantages
• Motivation for developing sodium-
ion battery chargers
Current energy landscapes

 Growing demand for energy

 Shift towards sustainable and
environmentally friendly sources
 Limitations and negative
environmental effects of fossil fuels
 Renewable energy sources
Importance of Energy Storage
Integration of intermittent renewable energy sources
Renewable energy sources like wind and solar are intermittent, meaning their availability fluctuates based
on weather conditions
Peak shaving
Energy storage can help reduce peak electricity demand by storing energy during periods of low demand
and releasing it during periods of high demand.
Grid stability
Energy storage can help to stabilize the grid by providing frequency regulation and other ancillary services.
Backup power
Energy storage can provide backup power in the event of an outage or emergency. This is particularly
important for critical infrastructure like hospitals, data centers, and other essential services.
Lithium as a energy storage
• Lithium-particle batteries have arisen as the predominant energy stockpiling innovation because of their
high energy thickness, long cycle life, and moderately minimal expense.
• They are utilized in a large number of utilizations, from compact electronic gadgets to electric vehicles
and framework scale energy capacity frameworks.
• As it is communicated in the report by the Overall Energy Association (IEA) dispersed in May 2020,
lithium-molecule batteries have emerged as the dominating energy-amassing development.
• The report communicates that lithium-molecule batteries address over 90% of new utility-scale battery
limit undertakings, and they are similarly used broadly in adaptable equipment and electric vehicles
Limitations of lithium ion batteries

• Limited energy density

• Safety concerns
• Limited lifespan
• Cost
• Environmental impact
Sodium-ion batteries

Concept of sodium-ion batteries: Advantages of sodium ion batteries:

Sodium-particle batteries are a sort of battery- • Abundance and low cost
powered battery that utilizes sodium particles • Environmental impact
(Na+) as the charge transporters rather than lithium
particles (Li+), which are utilized in lithium- • High voltage and energy density
particle batteries. The fundamental working rule of • Safety
sodium-particle batteries is like that of lithium-
particle batteries, where the battery charges and • Compatibility with existing infrastructure
releases by moving particles between the anode and
the cathode .
Experimental methods and procedures to develop sodium ion batteries

• Developing efficient sodium-ion batteries requires using suitable materials and methods for their production
and characterization. Materials such as electrode materials, Electrode materials are crucial for the storage and
transfer of sodium-ion batteries. Suitable electrode materials should have a high capacity, good rate
capability, and long cycle life. Positive electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries include layered metal
oxides and polynomic compounds, while negative electrode materials include graphite, hard carbon, and
metal sulfides.
Experimental methods and procedures to develop sodium ion batteries

Electrolytes Separators
The electrolyte used in sodium-ion batteries should Separators are also important components of sodium-
have good ionic conductivity, good stability, and low ion batteries, as they prevent short circuits and ensure
viscosity. Organic solvents, ionic liquids, and solid- proper ion transport between the electrodes. Suitable
state electrolytes are commonly used as electrolytes separators should have high ionic conductivity, low
for sodium-ion batteries electronic conductivity, and good thermal stability.
 Synthesis of Sodium-ion battery:
The synthesis of sodium-ion battery electrodes involves several steps, including the preparation of electrode
materials, fabrication of electrodes, and testing of their electrochemical performance.

The preparation of electrode materials: Fabrication of electrodes:

• Synthesis of the active material • Preparation of electrode materials
• Mixing with a conductive additive • Preparation of electrode slurry
• Binding with a polymer binder • Coating of current collector
• The coating on a current collector • Drying and pressing
• Drying and annealing • Cutting and shaping
Fabrication of electrodes

Methods for the Fabrication of

Electrode Material:
1. Solid-state reaction
2. Hydrothermal synthesis
3. Sol-gel method
4. Fabrication of Sodium-Ion Battery
Solid-state Reaction

1. Preparation of precursors
Following are the processes in the
preparation of precursors
• Blending and crushing
• Warming
• Extinguishing
• Processing
2. Grinding and mixing
3. Annealing
4. Grinding and sieving:
5. Mixing with conductive additives
and binders:
6. Coating on the current collector
Hydrothermal synthesis

Steps of Hydro Thermal Synthesis

• Preparation of precursor materials
• Mixing of precursors
• Move to a hydrothermal reactor
• Heating
• Response time
• Cooling
• Product collection
Sol-gel method
• The sol-gel process is a more chemical method (wet chemical method) for the synthesis of various
nanostructures, especially metal oxide nanoparticles. In this method, the molecular precursor (usually metal
alkoxide) is dissolved in water or alcohol and converted to gel by heating, stirring hydrolysis/alcoholysis.
Since the gel obtained from the hydrolysis/alcoholysis process is wet or damp, it should be dried using
appropriate methods depending on the desired properties and application of the gel. For example, if it is an
alcoholic solution, the drying process is done by burning alcohol. After the drying stage, the produced gels
are powdered and then calcined.
Fabrication of Sodium-Ion Battery
The fabrication of sodium-ion batteries by and large includes the accompanying advances:

• Synthesis of electrode materials: The cathode and anode materials are integrated utilizing different
strategies, for example, strong state response, sol-gel technique, and aqueous amalgamation.

• Preparation of electrode slurries: The terminal materials are blended in with a folio and a
conductive specialist to frame a slurry, which is covered by an ongoing gatherer (for example
aluminum foil for cathodes, copper foil for anodes).

• Gathering of the battery: The covered current gatherers are collected with a separator and a
sodium-particle electrolyte to frame the battery cell.

• Testing and cycling: The battery is tried and cycled to assess its exhibition and dependability.

• Scale-Up: When the exhibition of the battery is enhanced, the manufacturing cycle is increased for
large-scale manufacturing
Testing Techniques for the Chargers
There are a few testing methods that are also used in the characterization of the material that
can be utilized for the assessment of sodium-particle battery chargers.

Cycling execution test:

1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):
2. X-beam diffraction (XRD):
3. Filtering electron microscopy (SEM)
4. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM):
5. Fourier change infrared spectroscopy (FTIR):
6. X-beam photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
Sodium-ion Battery Chemistry
Sodium-ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that use sodium ions as the charge carrier. The basic chemistry
of a sodium-ion battery involves the movement of sodium ions between the positive and negative electrodes, through
an electrolyte, during charging and discharging cycles.
Discharging and Charging Cycle of Sodium-ion Battery
A discharging and charging cycle of a sodium-ion battery involves the flow of sodium ions between the anode
and cathode through the electrolyte, resulting in the transfer of electrons and the release or uptake of electrical
energy.

Discharging cycle Charging cycle

• During the discharging cycle, sodium ions are • During the charging cycle, an external electrical
released from the anode and travel through the source is used to reverse the flow of sodium ions
electrolyte to the cathode, while electrons flow and electrons, causing sodium ions to migrate back
through the external circuit, creating an electric to the anode. This process requires energy input,
current. At the cathode, the sodium ions react with which is stored as chemical energy in the anode
the cathode material, usually a metal oxide or material in the form of intercalated sodium ions.
sulfide, and the released electrons and sodium ions
combine with the electrolyte to form a sodium
compound
Chemical Reactions Involve in Discharging and Charging Cycle of Sodium-ion
Battery
Discharging Cycle Charging Cycle
• During the discharging cycle, sodium ions are • During the charging cycle, an external
released from the anode material, typically a sodium- electrical source is used to reverse the flow of
containing carbon or metal oxide material, and sodium ions and electrons, causing sodium
migrate through the electrolyte to the cathode
material. ions to migrate back to the anode. The sodium
ions are intercalated back into the anode
• At the cathode, the sodium ions react with the
cathode material, usually a metal oxide or sulfide,
material, which undergoes an oxidation
causing it to undergo a reduction reaction and reaction and stores the energy input from the
resulting in the release of electrons. The released charging
electrons then flow through the external circuit, • process. The overall reaction during charging
producing electrical energy.
can be represented as the reverse of the
• The overall reaction can be represented as follows: discharging
• Anode (discharging): Na_xMO_y + xNa^+ + xe^-
• reaction:
→ Na_x+1MO_y + xNa^+ + xe^-
• Cathode (discharging): NaxMO2 + y/2xLi+ + ye- • Anode (charging): Na_x+1MO_y + xNa^+
→ M + xLiyO2 + Na+ + xe^- → Na_xMO_y + xNa^+ + xe^-
• where MO or M represent the metal oxide or sulfide • Cathode (charging): M + xLiyO2 + Na+ →
cathode material. Na_xMO_y + y/2xLi+ + ye
Effect of Environmental and Physical
Factors on Battery Performance

• Temperature
• Humidity
• Mechanical stress
• Vibration
• Exposure to light
• Chemical exposure
• Impact of Electrode Material
• Effect of Electrolyte
Design and Fabrication of Sodium-ion Battery Chargers:
• The design and fabrication of sodium-ion battery chargers involve the development of charging circuits that
can efficiently charge sodium-ion batteries.
• The design and fabrication of sodium-ion battery chargers involve several steps, including the selection of
appropriate components, the design of the charging circuit, and the fabrication of the circuit. The charger
should be designed to optimize the charging process for the specific characteristics of sodium-ion batteries,
including their lower operating voltage and higher internal resistance compared to lithium-ion batteries
Design Considerations:
Design considerations for sodium-ion battery chargers include
• Voltage and Current: In designing a sodium-ion battery charger, the voltage and current must be
considered carefully to ensure optimal performance and safety. The charger should be designed to provide
the appropriate voltage and current to the battery to ensure efficient and safe charging.
• Charge Algorithm:
The charge algorithm is an important aspect of the design of a battery charger, as it determines how the
charger will regulate the charging process. The charge algorithm is essentially a set of rules that dictate how
the charger will adjust the voltage and current during the charging process, based on the state of the battery.

• Safety:
Safety is a critical consideration in the design of any battery charger, including sodium-ion battery
chargers. Sodium-ion batteries have unique safety considerations due to their use of sodium-based
electrolytes, which can be reactive and potentially hazardous if not handled properly.

• Efficiency:
Efficiency is an important consideration in the design of any battery charger, including sodium-ion battery
chargers. Efficiency refers to the ratio of the energy output of the charger to the energy input, and it is an
Important factor in determining the cost and environmental impact of the charging process. A more efficient
charger will require less energy input to deliver a given amount of energy output, which can lead to lower
costs and reduced environmental impact. In addition, a more efficient charger will generate less heat during
the charging process, which can improve safety and extend the lifespan of the charger and battery.
• Size and Portability:
The size and portability of sodium-ion battery chargers are important factors to consider in their design
and use. The size of the charger can impact its portability, as larger chargers may be more difficult to
carry around or store when not in use. Additionally, the size of the charger may impact its compatibility
with certain devices or applications

• Compatibility:
Compatibility is an important consideration in the design of sodium-ion battery chargers. To ensure
compatibility, designers must consider the specific requirements and characteristics of the battery being
charged, as well as the compatibility of the charger with other components and devices.
• Cost:
Cost is an important consideration in the design of sodium-ion battery chargers, particularly as sodium
ion batteries are still a developing technology and may be more expensive than other types of batteries.

• Electrode Material:
Electrode material is a critical consideration in the design of sodium-ion batteries, as it can significantly
impact the performance and efficiency of the battery. The electrode materials used in sodium-ion batteries
must meet several key requirements, including high capacity, good cycling stability, low cost, and
environmental friendliness.
• Electrolytes:
Electrolytes are a critical component of sodium-ion batteries, as they play a crucial role in the battery's
operation and performance. Electrolytes are typically composed of a salt dissolved in a solvent, and they
facilitate the flow of ions between the battery's electrodes during charging and discharging. In sodiumion
batteries, the electrolyte is typically composed of a sodium salt dissolved in a solvent. The choice of
salt and solvent can have a significant impact on the battery's performance, including its energy density,
power output, and cycle life.

• Charging mechanisms
Charging mechanisms are a critical consideration in the design of batteries, including sodium-ion batteries.
These mechanisms determine how the battery is charged and how much energy can be stored in the
battery.
In general, there are two main charging mechanisms used in batteries: constant current and constant
voltage charging. Constant current charging involves charging the battery at a constant rate of current until the
battery reaches a certain voltage level, at which point the charging current is reduced. Constant voltage charging
involves charging the battery at a constant voltage level until the charging current decreases to a certain level,
indicating that the battery is fully charged.
Fabrication Methods for the designed Sodium-ion battery:
The fabrication method for a sodium-ion battery will depend on the specific design considerations and
the intended application. However, there are some common fabrication methods used in the
production of sodium-ion batteries
• Thin-film deposition
• Solution-based methods
• Template-assisted synthesis
• Solid-state methods
• Hybrid methods
Performance Evaluation of Sodium-ion Battery
• Chargers:
Sodium-ion battery chargers are critical components in the operation of sodium-ion batteries, as they are
responsible for maintaining the proper charging and discharging of the batteries.
One important metric for evaluating the performance of sodium-ion battery chargers is charging efficiency
Another important metric for evaluating the performance of sodium-ion battery chargers is cycle life
Other important metrics for evaluating the performance of sodium-ion battery chargers include the charging
rate, the charging voltage, the maximum charging current, and the thermal stability of the charger. These metrics
can provide valuable information on the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the charger.
Sodium-ion Battery Charger Capacity:
The capacity of a sodium-ion battery charger refers to the amount of charge it can
provide to a battery over a specific period of time. It is typically measured in
ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh).
The capacity of a sodium-ion battery charger depends on various factors, such as
the charging rate, the charging voltage, and the maximum charging current.
Sodium-ion Battery Charger Cycle life:
• The cycle life of a sodium-ion battery charger is an important factor to consider when evaluating its overall
performance. It refers to the number of charge and discharge cycles that the charger can withstand before its
capacity and performance begin to degrade.
• To evaluate the cycle life of a sodium-ion battery charger, various tests can be conducted, such as charge and
discharge tests, voltage and current measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These tests
can help to identify any changes in the charger's capacity, efficiency, and other key performance metrics over
time
Factors that can affect the cycle life of a sodium-ion battery charger include the charging rate, charging
voltage, and charging temperature. High charging rates and voltages can cause increased stress on the
charger and reduce its overall cycle life. Similarly, charging at extreme temperatures can cause damage to
the charger and reduce its performance over time.

Performance Comparison of Sodium-ion Battery Chargers and

Lithium Battery Chargers
• Capacity
• Charging time
• Efficiency
• Cost
• Safety
Applications of Sodium-ion Battery Chargers
Sodium-ion battery chargers have various applications in industries such as transportation, energy
storage, and consumer electronics. The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions has led to
an increased interest in sodium-ion batteries as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion
batteries have several advantages, including their abundance and low cost of sodium compared to
lithium, making them an attractive option for various applications.

Applications:
• Renewable Energy Storage:
Electric Vehicles:
Sodium-ion battery chargers can be used to charge and power electric vehicles, providing an alternative to
lithium-ion batteries commonly used in this application. The high power density and fast charging
capabilities of sodium-ion batteries make them a promising option for electric vehicles, as they can offer
longer driving ranges and shorter charging times

Consumer Electronics:
Sodium-ion battery chargers have the potential to be used in a wide range of consumer electronics, including
smartphones, laptops, tablets, and other portable devices. The high energy density and long cycle life of
sodium-ion batteries make them a promising option for these devices, as they can offer longer battery life
and reduced charging times compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.
Grid-Scale Energy Storage:

Grid-scale energy storage refers to the use of

large-scale energy storage systems to balance
the supply and demand of electricity on the
power grid. Sodium-ion battery chargers can be
used in grid-scale energy storage systems,
providing a reliable and sustainable solution for
storing excess energy and supplying it to
the grid during periods of high demand.
Military and Aerospace
Sodium-ion battery chargers can have significant applications in the military and aerospace industries.
Military operations and aerospace missions require reliable and efficient power sources, and sodium-ion
batteries offer several advantages over traditional lithium-ion batteries.
Sodium-ion batteries have a higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries, allowing for longer-lasting
and more powerful energy storage. They are also more stable than lithium-ion batteries, reducing the risk
of fire or explosion in high-stress environments such as military operations or aerospace missions
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sodium-ion Battery as
Compared to Existing Batteries:

1. Advantages:
• High energy density:
• Low cost
• Environmentally friendly
• Safety
2. Disadvantages:
However, sodium-ion batteries also have some disadvantages, including:
Lower energy density than some other types of batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries, which can
limit their applications in some high-energy-demand industries.
Lower charging and discharging efficiency: Sodium-ion batteries have lower charging and
discharging efficiency compared to lithium-ion batteries, meaning that more energy is lost during
charging and discharging .
Limited commercial availability: Sodium-ion batteries are a relatively new technology, and there
are currently limited commercial options available compared to more established battery
Technologies.
Limited cycle life: Sodium-ion batteries may have a shorter cycle life than some other battery
technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries, which can limit their use in certain applications that
require long-term reliability
Modeling and Simulation of Sodium-ion Battery Chargers

Modeling and simulation of sodium-ion battery chargers involve the development of mathematical
models and computer simulations that can predict the behavior of these systems under different operating
conditions.
This can help to optimize the design and operation of sodium-ion battery chargers, improve their performance,
and reduce their cost.
The modeling and simulation of sodium-ion battery chargers typically involves several steps, including
1. Developing a mathematical model of the charger
2. Validating the model:
3. Simulating the charger:
4. Optimizing the charger design and operation
Importance of Modeling and Simulation in Sodium-ion Battery Chargers:

1. Predicting behavior under different conditions

2. Reducing development costs:
3. Improving performance
4. Increasing safety:
5. Enabling rapid prototyping
 Simulation procedure and setup for sodium-ion battery charger
1. Define the model parameters
2. Develop the model equations
3. Implement the model in simulation software:
4. Define the charging protocol:
5. Run the simulation
6. Analyze the results

Optimization of Sodium-ion Battery Charger Model:

Optimization of a sodium-ion battery charger model involves finding the best set of parameters that result
in the highest performance, efficiency, and lifespan of the battery. This can be achieved through a variety
of optimization techniques, including gradient-based optimization, genetic algorithms, and particle swarm
optimization
 To optimize the sodium-ion battery charger model, the following steps can be followed:
• Define the objective
• Choose the optimization algorithm
• Define the parameter space
• Define the cost function
• Evaluate the optimized model
Advanced Technologies for Sodium-ion Battery Chargers
Advanced technologies for sodium-ion battery chargers aim to improve the performance, efficiency, and
safety of these batteries. Several approaches are being investigated, including the development of new
electrode materials, improvements in electrolyte chemistry, and the use of advanced charging algorithms.
• Smart charging algorithms
• Solid-state electrolytes
• High-capacity cathode materials
• Advanced control systems
• Fast-charging technologies
• Nanomaterials Technology
• Wireless Charging
Manufacturing Processes for Sodium-ion Battery Chargers
The manufacturing of sodium-ion battery chargers involves various steps, including
• Material selection,
• Electrode preparation,
• Cell assembly,
• Final assembly.
The Future Roadmap for Sodium-Ion Batteries
Sodium-Ion Battery R&D:
• The current R&D capabilities in the battery technology space are growing rapidly to accommodate the
exponential demand for energy storage. Alleviating the pressure on lithium reserves in the world is the
primary focus of researchers looking for viable non-lithium battery options.
• For example, the US National Science Foundation partly funded research that helped develop a fast and
stable. Sodium-ion battery that resists dendrite (filament) growth and reduces the risk of a fire or explosion
Researchers at UC San Diego collaborated with other researchers to design and manufacture a new sold
electrolyte to boost solid-state sodium ion batteries efficiency, lifespan, and stability
• De-carbonization the growing integration of renewables into electrical grids, and rising electric vehicle
adoption are some factors encouraging the development of environment friendly and socially conscious
energy storage technologies.
• The worldwide RSD efforts are intensifying the industrialization of sodium-ion batteries.
• In particular, the electric vehicle market is likely to reap the R&D benefits of sodium ion battery technology
to increase operational efficiency reduce costs, and drive more revenue opportunities.
The Road Ahead for Sodium-Ion Batteries

What does the future hold for sodium-ion batteries?

Non-lithium alternatives, the desirability of sodium-ion batteries is driven primarily by abundance, low cost,
and high performance. Advanced technological capabilities and battery innovation are crucial to the acceptance
and adoption of sodium-ion batteries on a commercial scale.
The diversified and complex development stage for sodium batteries will lead to innovation in the battery
landscape For example, hybrid batteries present promising possibilities to blend the best of sodium and lithium
features for better battery performance.
Will the benefits of sodium-ion batteries take battery innovation to the next level?
Research affirms the potential of low-cost and high-performance sodium-ion batteries to gain a strong foothold
in the battery market. As the world increasingly looks for safe and sustainable energy storage, sodium-ion
technology innovation is only going to get better in the future.
Conclusion
• The rechargeable battery market is driven by innovation Battery tech is no longer limited to lithium-ion
batteries. Battery producers and battery scientists have been working on lithium-ion battery alternatives in the
wake of the high costs and imminent lithium shortage. Moreover, the increasing use of disruptive battery
technologies is in line with the goal of carbon neutrality.
• The dominant lithium-ion battery has a potential successor in the deserving sodium-ion battery Over the
years, successful commercialization led to the heavy deployment of Li-ion cells in portable electronics, EVs,
energy storage systems, etc.
• However, we're seeing a niche market for sodium ion battery components-and a surge in sodium-driven
innovation from sodium ion-powered generators to customized sodium-ion batteries for data centers.
• The sodium-ion battery market is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years with more investments and
targeted R&D efforts to ease the transition from pilot plant-scale production to full commercialization.
• Compared to lithium ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries are economically viable energy efficient safe, and
sustainable. It is time to power up with sodium-ion batteries.
• Is the sodium-ion battery a game changer?
The answer is a resounding yes.
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