HISTORICAL STRUGGLE FOR PAKISTAN

Ideology of Pakistan with reference to

reformative ,nreligious & educational movements

Presented by :Ms. Naila Rafique

 WAR OF INDEPENDENCE – (1857 A.D.)
 The War of Independence in 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion or
Sepoy Mutiny, was a major uprising against British colonial rule in India.
 The causes included economic exploitation by the British East India Company,
military unrest due to discriminatory policies, religious and social factors, and
resentment against British rule.
 Consequences included a change in governance from the East India Company to
the India Office, military reforms, social and cultural changes, and political and
administrative reforms.
 Economic exploitation, such as discouraging local industries and harsh revenue
demands, led to job losses and resentment among the Indian population,
contributing to the rebellion.
 The British revamped the army, limited Bengali entry, and recruited soldiers from
different regions to prevent future uprisings.
 Harsh punishments for rebels led to the rise of fundamentalist groups, while efforts
to appease locals and establish governance channels resulted in political changes.
 The rebellion led to changes in governance, including the establishment of local
government institutions and restructuring of the Indian bureaucracy, paving the
way for democratic empowerment.
 Rumors of British attempts to spread Christianity, racial discrimination, and
reserved high-grade offices for Europeans fueled dissatisfaction among the Indian
population.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN
 The 1857 revolt was one of the turning points in Syed Ahmed's life.
 He clearly foresaw the imperative need for the Muslims to acquire proficiency in the English
language and modern sciences, if the community were to maintain its social and political clout,
particularly in Northern India.
 He was one of those early pioneers who recognized the critical role of education in the
empowerment of the poor and backward Muslim community. In more than one ways, Sir Syed
was one of the greatest social reformers and a great national builder of modern India. He began to
prepare the road map for the formation of a Muslim University by starting various schools. He
instituted Scientific Society in 1863 to instill a scientific temperament into the Muslims and to
make the Western knowledge available to Indians in their own language.
 The Aligarh Institute Gazette, an organ of the Scientific Society, was launched in March 1866 and
succeeded in agitating the minds in the traditional Muslim society. Anyone with a poor level of
commitment would have backed off in the face of strong opposition but Sir Syed responded by
bringing out another journal, Tehzibul Akhlaq which was rightly named in English as
'Mohammedan Social Reformer’
 On 24 May 1875, Sir Syed founded the Madarsatul Uloom in Aligarh and patterned the MAO
College after Oxford and Cambridge universities that he went on a trip to London. His objective
was to build a college in line with the British education system but without compromising its
Islamic values.
The aim of Sir Syed was not merely restricted to establishing a college
at Aligarh but at spreading a network of Muslim Managed educational
institutions throughout the length and breadth of the country keeping
in view this end, he instituted All India Muslim Educational Conference
that revived the spirit of Muslims at the national level.
The Aligarh Movement motivated Muslims to help open a number of
educational institutions. It was the first of its kind of such Muslim
NGO in India, which awakened the Muslims from their deep slumber
and infused social and political sensibility into them.
 DEMAND
FOR
SEPARATE
ELECTORAT
E
 SETTING UP OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE
After the creation of the Indian national Congress and its time as a ‘representative’ party for the
people of the Indian sub-continent, there was felt a need to reassess its claims at unbiased
representation. From the very start of its existence the Congress had shown clear its interest to
safeguard the rights of Hindus, alone. Some of the Congress leaders adopted a revolutionary policy
to establish Hindu Raj in the sub-continent under the guise of a national movement. The prediction of
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Soon proved to be fact that, “Hindus and Muslims are two different nations
who have different ideologies.” The Muslims of India were greatly disappointed by the anti-Muslim
stance that the Congress seemed to have adopted. The events following the partition of Bengal and
Urdu-Hindu controversy strengthened the desire of the Muslims to organize themselves politically
as separate community. The birth of All India Muslim League at Dacca on 30th December 1906 came
as an expression of that desire.
Knowing the circumstances which led to the formation of Muslim league
was not difficult to make out what it aimed to. However, the Muslim
league laid the following points as its objectives.
1. To create among Muslims the feelings of loyalty towards British
Government and to remove misconception and suspicious.
2. To Safeguard the political rights of the Muslims and to bring them
into the notice of the Government.
3. To prevent among the Muslims, the rise of prejudicial feelings against
the other communities of India.
The first session of all India Muslim league was held at Karachi on 29th
December, 1907 and was presided over by Adamji Peer Bhai.
 PARTITION OF BENGAL 1905 - 1911
 The partition of Bengal was the most important event during the rule of Lord Curzon. It was
carried out mainly for the convenience of administration. Bengal in those days was the biggest
province of India extending over 1, 89, 000 square miles with a population of 80 million. It was
comprising of Bengal, Behar and Orissa and was under the central of one lieutenant Governor.
After Lord Curzon took charge as Governor General of India the discussion over the Partition
began due to the following issues:
 Vastness of Province
 Limited Sources of Communication
 Difference of Language
 Need of the time
 Partition
Muslims’ Response
It received a favorable response from the Muslims. It was thought that it would bring the
emancipation of Muslims socially and economically. The Muslims welcomed the Partition of
Bengal for the following reasons:
1. In the majority province of East Bengal the Muslims would be free from Hindu
dominance in economic field. They would get opportunities of services and advancement of
agriculture.
2. The city of Dacca, where the Muslims were in majority was the centre of Muslim culture.
In Dacca Muslims had a great chance of success for social and cultural advancement than
in Calcutta.
3. The Partition could result in political uplift and securing represent action in the
Government.
4. The partition of Bengal relieved the Muslims from competing with Hindus, who were
more advanced in every field of life.
Hindus Response
The Hindus did not accept it, as it dealt a telling blow to their monopolies and exclusive hold on economic, social,
Political life of the whole of Bengal. They called it as a deliberate attempt by British Government
1. The Partition of Bengal had brightened the possibility of betterment of Muslims; while the Hindu landlords,
capitalists and traders wanted status quo and to continue the exploitation of the Muslims.
2. Hindu lawyers also reacted to the partition of Bengal because they thought that the new province would have its
separate courts and thus their practice would be affected.
3. Hindu press was not different from that of Hindu advocates. Hindus had their monopoly over almost whole of the
province press. They were afraid that new newspapers would be established which would decrease their income
naturally.
4. The Hindus launched Swadeshi Movement whose sole purpose was to boycott of British goods.
Annulment of the Partition
 When Lord Hardinage assumed charge as Governor General of India Hindus again
became active and sent a representation to him for the annulment of partition of Bengal.
He recommended the same to the British Prime Minister for Indian Affairs. On the
occasion of the visiting His Majesty George V to Indo-Pakistan and holding of Darbar at
Delhi on 12th December 1911 the partition of Bengal was cancelled.
 The united Bengal was placed under a Governor and Assam was placed under a Chief
Commissioner. This decision was shattering blow to Muslims. It left them sullen and
disillusioned. Their anger and indignation had widespread repercussions. The Muslims
leaders and intelligentsia condemned the decision as betrayal of worst kind.
 SIMLA DEPUTATION
 The Simla Deputation was a gathering of 35 prominent Indian Muslim leaders led by the Aga
Khan III at the Viceregal Lounge in Simla in October 1906. The deputation aimed to convince
Lord Minto, then Viceroy of india, to grant Muslims greater representation in politics.
 The deputation took advantage of the liberal values of the newly-appointed Minto and his
Secretary of State, John Morley, following the election of the Liberals in the 1906 United
Kingdom general election, as well as the willingness of the British and the Indian Muslims to
cooperate – the British wanted to use Indian Muslims as a bulwark against the Indian National
Congress and Hindu nationalism, while the Muslims, based in Aligarh Muslim University, wanted
to use the opportunity to secure more political representation for themselves.
 Minto, finding himself sympathetic to the demands of the Muslims, put many of them into law
through the Indian Councils Act 1909, granting the wishes of the deputation. The deputation also
led indirectly to the creation of the All-India Muslim League in December that year, as the leaders
of the Simla Deputation had taken the time to draft the constitution of the Muslim League to
present at the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference.
SIMLA DEPUTATION [2/3]

 The acceptance of the Deputation’s demands proved to be a

turning point in the history of the subcontinent. For the first time, the
Hindu- Muslim conflict was raised to the constitutional plane.
 The Muslims made it clear that they had no confidence in the
Hindu majority and that they were not prepared to put their future in
the hands of an assembly elected on the assumed basis of a
homogenous Indian nation.
 It is in this sense that the beginning of separate electorate may be
seen as the beginning of the realization of the Two-Nation
Theory, its final and inevitable consequence being the partition of
British India in 1947.
 The Simla Deputation was successful because the Muslims were
strongly urged to protect their separate identity, whereas the British
responded to their demands, as Lord Minto was anxious to pull them
out of their political discontent.
SIMLA DEPUTATION [3/3]

 Separate electorates were given statutory recognition in the Indian Councils

Act of 1909.
 Muslims were accorded not only the right to elect their representatives by
separate electorates, but also the right to vote in general constituencies.
 In addition, they were also given weightage in representation.
 MINTO MORLEY REFORMS
By 1909, there was seen a great deal of political
consciousness amongst the Indians.
Similarly, political parties like Indian National Congress and
All Indian Muslim League had emerged.
As previous reforms and acts did not meet the political
aspirations of all the Indians, the British realized that in
order to introduce new reforms to impoverish the grievances
of the Indians they needed to cater to these two political
parties. Besides this, there were also other factors which led
to the formation of Minto-Morley Reforms.
MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS 1919
 Minto-Morley reforms, introduced in 1909, proved unsatisfactory for Indian
people. Indians demanded more representation and called for greater self-
government. This could not be achieved without a formal rapprochement
between Congress and Muslim League. The Lucknow Pact of 1916 asked for
self-rule.
 Edwin Montague was the Secretary of State for India. In his famous August
Declaration presented before the House of Commons on 20thAugust 1917,
Montague said that in order to satisfy the local demands, his
government was interested in giving more representation to the
natives in India. Lord Chelmsford was sent to India as the new Governor
General. He stayed for six months and held numerous meetings with different
government and non-governmental people. Edwin Montague in collaboration
with Lord Chelmsford collected data and made a report about constitutional
reforms in 1918. The report was discussed in the House of Common and later
it was approved by the parliament. The Bill was introduced in India in 1919
and became Act of 1919.
 SALIENT FEATURES OF MINTO-MORLEY
REFORMS:
 The number of members of legislative council were increased.
 The powers of Members of Legislative were increased. They could now criticize
the actions of the executive, ask questions and even supplementary questions, and
express their views by moving resolutions.
 The Indians were included in the councils, where ultimate decisions were made,
of the India Secretory and Viceroy.
 For the first time, the demand for a separate electorate was accepted.
 Consequently, the number of voters was restricted. Moreover, a system of election
was indirect. To win the support of maximum factions of the society special
representation was given to landlords, chambers of commerce and other
influential.
MAIN FEATURES OF 1919 ACT

 The Council of the Secretary of State was to comprise of eight to twelve people.
 Three of them should be Indian, and at least half of them should have spent at least ten years
in India.
 The Central Legislature was to consist of two houses, Upper House (Council of the State),
and the Lower House (Legislative Assembly).
 The Legislative Assembly was to consist of 144 members, out of those103 were to be elected
and 41 to be nominated by the Governor General.
 Powers were divided between the center and the provinces. The important subjects were vested
with the center, and unimportant remained with provinces. The important central subjects were
defense, foreign affairs, custom, and relations with Indian states, currency, and railway. On the
contrary, unworthy provincial subjects were local self-government, public health, education, etc.
The salary of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs should be paid from British exchequer;
previously, his salary was paid by Indian treasury.
 The system of ‘Diarchy’ or a kind of double government in the Provinces was introduced.
Provincial subjects were divided into two categories “Transferred and Reserved.”
Transferred subjects which were public health, education, local self-government, and agriculture
were under the control of Minister; likewise, all transferred subjects were unimportant. Reserved
subjects included administration, police, land revenue, etc. which were under the control of
CONGRESS REACTION & MUSLIM LEAGUE REACTION

 The Congress did not participate in the elections of 1920 under the 1919 Act.
It was against these reforms. In 1923, it was decided to participate in
elections with a view to destroy the 1919 Act from within.
 The Muslim League did not reject the act as Congress did. Though it was not
completely satisfied with the reforms, the initial response was favorable. It
too did not participate in the election because of understanding with
Congress. Thus, some benefits which the Act could yield were reaped by the
Hindus alone.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

The Khilafat movement was a very important event

in the political history of India. The Muslims of
India had a great regard for the Khilafat
(Caliphate) which was held by the Ottoman
Empire. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire
(Turkey) joined the war in favour of Germany. But
Turkey and Germany lost the war and a pact
commonly known as Istanbul Accord was concluded
between the Allied Forces on 3rd November 1918.
According to this Pact the territories of Turkey were
to be divided among France, Greece and Britain.
 Muslims were in a very awkward position, because they had a deep-
rooted devotion to the caliphate.
 They had profound respect for this holy institution. Therefore, their
support to the British Government was subject to the safeguard and
protection of the holy places of Turkey and on the condition that
Turkey will not to be deprived of its territories.
 But the British Government could not fulfill both of these promises.
The Treaty of Savers 1920 was imposed on Turkey and its territories
like Samarna, Thrace and Anatolia were wrested from it and
distributed among European countries. A wave of anger swept across
the Muslin World and the Indian Muslims rose against the British
Government. Muslim leaders like Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad,
Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Moulana Shoukat Ali and others
reacted against the British Government policy and were put behind the
bars.
 Thus, Muslims organized a mass movement, which came to be known as Khilafat Movement. The
aims of this movement were
(a) To protect the Holy place of Turkey
(b) To restore the Territories of Turkey
(c) To restore the Ottoman Empire.
 The Khilafat Movement came to an end
 The leaders in spite of their best efforts could not maintain the Hindu-Muslim Unity.
 One of the main reasons which caused a death blow to Khilafat Movement was the indirect
announcement of Gandhi to discontinue the Non Co-operation Movement.
 Gandhi used an incident of arson on February 1922, when a violent mob set on fire a police choki
at Chora Churi at district Gorakpur, burning twenty one constables to death as an excuse to call
off the non-cooperation movement. It adversely affected the Khilafat Movement which thought to
be integral part of movement. In 1924, Kamal Ataturk set up a government on democratic basis in
Turkey by abolishing Khilafat as a system of government which served a finishing blow to Khilafat
Movement in India and people had lost whatever interest that they had in the movement.