Information and Communication Technology

CHAPTER 1
What is Information
Technology?

is the use of computers, storage,

networking and other physical
devices, infrastructure and processes
to create, process, store, secure and
exchange all forms of electronic
data.
What is Information
Communication technology ?

ICT is the technology required for

information processing, in particular,
the use of electronic computers,
communication devices and software
applications to convert, store,
protect, process, transmit and
retrieve information from anywhere,
anytime.
BREAKDOWN OF ICT
 INFORMATION – refers to the knowledge
obtained from reading, investigation, study or
research. The tools to transmit information are
the telephone, television and radio. Information is
knowledge and help us to fulfill our daily tasks.

 COMMUNICATION - is an act of transmitting

messages. It is a process whereby information is
exchange between individuals using symbols,
signs or verbal interactions. Communication is
important in order to gain knowledge.
BREAKDOWN OF ICT

 TECHNOLOGY – is the use of

scientific knowledge. Experience and
resources to create processes
products that fulfill human needs
Technology is vital in communication
 EVOLUTION
OF
TECHNOLOGY
Early 1800s
Industrial Revolution

 The Industrial
Revolution brought
about the introduction
of machines and
technology that
allowed for mass
production, leading to
significant
advancements in
manufacturing,
transportation, and
communication.
TELEPHONE (1876)

 Alexander Graham
Bell's invention of
the telephone
revolutionized
communication,
making it possible
to speak to people
across great
distances.
Radio transmission (1901)

 The first
transatlantic radio
transmission is sent:
The ability to transmit
signals wirelessly
across great distances
opened up new
possibilities for
communication and
paved the way for
modern radio and
television.
First Computer (1939)
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
 The first computer is
built: The development
of computers in the
20th century allowed
for unheard of
computational power
& automation, leading
to rapid advancements
in fields such as
science, medicine, and
finance.
 Invented by: John
Vincent Atanasoff
first message (1969)

 The first message is sent

over the internet: The birth
of the internet enabled rapid
communication and
information-sharing on a
global scale, transforming
the way we live and work.
 According to Kleinrock, they
intended to transmit the
word “LOGIN,” but the
system crashed just after
they had sent the first two
letters. “Hence, the first
message on the Internet
was 'LO' — as in 'Lo and
behold!
First smartphone (1995)

 Simon Personal
Communicator
IBM announced the first
smart phone in 1992,
which wouldn't be
available for purchase for
two more years.
The Simon Personal
Communicator (or SPC,
commonly called IBM
Simon) included many
features familiar to
modern smartphone users,
such as a touch screen
that required a stylus
COVID-19 (2019-2020)
 The COVID-19
pandemic
accelerates digital
transformation: The
pandemic forced
businesses and
individuals to adapt to
remote work and
virtual communication,
leading to an
acceleration in the
adoption of digital
technology.
CRISPR

 agene-editing
technology advances:
CRISPR technology,
which allows for
precise and targeted
gene editing, has
continued to advance
and has the potential
to revolutionize
medicine by curing
genetic diseases.
Commercial space travel

 Companies such
as SpaceX and
Blue Origin have
made significant
strides in
commercial space
travel, with
SpaceX launching
its first manned
mission to the
International
Artificial intelligence (AI)
 Artificial
intelligence
(AI) and machine
learning will
continue to
revolutionize
industries such as
healthcare,
finance, and
transportation,
enabling greater
5g Technology

 will provide faster

and more reliable
connectivity,
paving the way for
the widespread
adoption of the
Internet of Things
(IoT) and
autonomous
vehicles.
 HISTORY
OF
COMPUTER
 Introduction

 We all use computers in our daily lives for

a variety of reasons. Computers are now
portable and affordable, but once, there
was a time when a computer used to
take up an entire room’s space, and only
a few of them existed in this world.
In this article, you will learn about the
evolution of computers that spans
centuries, marked by groundbreaking
innovations and the relentless pursuit of
First Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1940 – 1956)

 Konrad Zuse created what became known as

the first programmable computer, the Z1, in
1936 in his parent’s living room in Berlin.
 1940s saw the emergence of electronic
computers, including the ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) and the
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer). These machines used vacuum
tubes and punched cards for data processing.
In the picture attached below, you can see a
scientist using ENIAC for computational
purposes.
First Generation – Vacuum
Tubes (1940 – 1956)
Second Generation – Transistors (1956 –
1963)

 In 1947, the invention of the transistor by

Bell Labs revolutionized computing.
Transistors replaced bulky vacuum tubes,
making computers smaller, faster, and
more reliable.
101.
 Second-gen computers still count on
punched cards for input/printouts. In the
above image, you can see two computer
engineers working on a computer
transistor.
Second Generation –
Transistors (1956 – 1963)
 The language emerged from a
binary language to a symbolic
(‘assembly’) language. This
meant programmers could
discover instructions in words.

 Until 1965, computers were only

used by mathematicians and
engineers in a lab setting.
Programma 101 changed
everything by offering the
general public a desktop
computer that anyone could use.
The 65-pound machine was the
size of a typewriter and had 37
keys and a printer built-in. Can
you imagine yourself using this
machine?
Third Generation – Integrated Circuits (1964 – 1971)

 Third-generation computers started using

integrated circuits instead of transistors.
 the integrated circuit (IC) is a semiconductor
material that contains thousands of
transistors.
 Because of IC, the computer becomes more
reliable and fast, requires less maintenance,
is small in size, is more affordable, and
generates less heat. You can see in the
image above how multiple IC racks are used
to power a computer.
Third Generation – Integrated
Circuits (1964 – 1971)
 The third generation
computers significantly
reduce the computational
time. punch cards were
replaced by mouse and
keyboard.
 The Xerox Alto was created
in the ’70s as a personal
computer that could print
documents and send
emails. What was most
notable about the
computer was its design,
which included a mouse,
keyboard, and screen.
Fourth Generation – Microprocessors
(1972 – 2010)

 Intel’s4004 microprocessor marked

a pivotal moment in computing
history. It was the world’s first
commercially available
microprocessor and laid the
groundwork for the personal
computer revolution.
 Steve Jobs introduced the
first Macintosh computer in 1984,
Consumer Reports called it a
 STEVE JOBS FIRST MACINTOSH CO
MPUTER IN 1984

He introduced the
first Macintosh computer in 1984,
Consumer Reports called it a
“dazzling display of technical
wizardry.”
IBM Personal Computer
 The release of the
IBM Personal
Computer, powered
by Microsoft’s MS-
DOS operating
system, marked the
beginning of the
personal computer
era. It set industry
standards and paved
the way for the
advancements of PCs.
iMAC G3
 The iMac
G3 was launched in 1998
and quickly became
known for its Bondi blue,
clear casing. The 38-
pound iMac included USB
ports, a keyboard, and a
mouse. he iMac was the
first time Apple used the
“I” to name its products,
explaining it stood for
“internet,” “innovation,”
and “individuality.”
2 major technological advancements that
improved the computer world:

 World Wide Web

(1991)
 Tim Berners-Lee’s
invention of the
World Wide Web
revolutionized
communication and
information access.
The web made the
internet user-friendly
and accessible to the
masses.
 Mobile Computing
(2000s-Present)
 The advent of smart
phones and tablets
transformed
computing into a
complete mobile
experience, with
powerful handheld
devices becoming
integral to daily life.
Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence
(2010 Onwards)

 This is the computer generation that we use.

We know that computer devices with artificial
intelligence technology are still in
development.
 some of these technologies are emerging and
being used, such as voice recognition or
ChatGPT. AI is an authenticity made possible
by adopting parallel processing and
superconductors. In the future, computers
will be revolutionized again by quantum
computation, molecular, and nanotechnology.
COMPONENT
S OF
COMPUTER
A computer is an electronic device that
accepts data, performs operations, displays
results, and stores the data or results as
needed. It is a combination of hardware
and software resources that integrate and
provide various functionalities to the user.
Hardware is the physical components of a
computer, such as a processor, memory
devices, monitor, keyboard, etc., while
software is a set of programs or instructions
that are required by the hardware resources
to function properly.
INPUT UNIT
 The input unit consists  The Input Unit is
of input devices that formed by attaching
are attached to the one or more input
computer. These devices to a computer.
devices take input and  A user input data and
convert it into binary instructions through
language that the input devices such as
computer a keyboard, mouse,
understands. Some of etc.
the common input  The input unit is used
devices are keyboard, to provide data to the
mouse, joystick, processor for further
scanner etc. processing.
INPUT UNIT
CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT
 Once the information is  Thereafter CPU executes
entered into the computer or performs the required
by the input device, the computation, and then
processor processes it. The
either stores the output
CPU is called the brain of
the computer because it is or displays it on the
the control centre of the output device.
computer.  The CPU has three main
 It first fetches instructions components, which are
from memory and then responsible for different
interprets them so as to functions: Arithmetic
know what is to be done. If Logic Unit (ALU), Control
required, data is fetched
Unit (CU) and Memory
from memory or input
device. registers
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (A
LU)
:
 The ALU, as its name  Arithmetic Logical Unit
suggests performs is the main
mathematical calculations
component of the CPU
and takes logical
 It is the fundamental
decisions. Arithmetic
calculations include building block of the
addition, subtraction, CPU.
multiplication and  Arithmetic and Logical
division. Logical decisions Unit is a digital circuit
involve the comparison of
two data items to see
that is used to
which one is larger or perform arithmetic
smaller or equal. and logical
operations.
Control Unit
 The Control unit coordinates  The Control Unit is a
and controls the data flow in component of the central
and out of the CPU, and also processing unit of a computer
controls all the operations of that directs the operation of
ALU, memory registers and the processor.
 It instructs the computer’s
also input/output units. It is
also responsible for carrying memory, arithmetic and logic
out all the instructions stored unit, and input and output
in the program. It decodes devices on how to respond to
the fetched instruction, the processor’s instructions.
 In order to execute the
interprets it and sends
instructions, the components
control signals to
of a computer receive signals
input/output devices until the
from the control unit.
required operation is done  It is also called the central
properly by ALU and memory. nervous system or brain of the
computer.
Memory Registers
 A register is a temporary  The user registers can
unit of memory in the CPU. be used by an
These are used to store
assembly language
the data, which is directly
used by the processor. programmer for
Registers can be of storing operands,
different sizes(16 bit, 32 intermediate results
bit, 64 bit and so on) and etc. Accumulator
each register inside the (ACC) is the main
CPU has a specific
function, like storing data,
register in the ALU and
storing an instruction, contains one of the
storing address of a operands of an
location in memory etc. operation to be
performed in the ALU.
 Memory attached to the  Memory attached to the CPU
CPU is used for the storage is used for the storage of
of data and instructions, data and instructions, and is
and is called internal called internal memory.
memory.  When a program is
 When a program is executed, its data is copied
executed, its data is copied to the internal memory and
to the internal memory and stored in the memory till the
stored in the memory till end of the execution. The
the end of the execution. internal memory is also
The internal memory is also called the Primary memory
called the Primary memory or Main memory. This
or Main memory. This memory is also called RAM,
memory is also called RAM, i.e., Random Access
i.e., Random Access Memory.
Memory.
 Memory Unit is the primary storage
of the computer.
 It stores both data and instructions.
 Data and instructions are stored
permanently in this unit so that they
are available whenever required.
OUTPUT UNIT
 The output unit  The output unit
consists of output displays or prints the
devices that are processed data in a
attached to the user-friendly format.
 The output unit is
computer. It converts
the binary data formed by attaching
coming from the CPU the output devices of a
computer.
to human  The output unit
understandable form.
accepts the
The common output
information from the
devices are monitor, CPU and displays it in a
printer, plotter, etc. user-readable form.
WHY COMPUTE IS SO
POWERFUL?
Computers are powerful for a variety
of reasons:
 They work with remarkable
speed,reliability,consistency and
accuracy.
 Can huge amounts of data and
information
 Allow users to communicate with
other users or computers.
Classifying
Computers
Computers can be classified
based on size and computing
power. However. As technology
advances these classifications
tend to overlap as modern
computers have become smaller
yet more powerful and relatively
cheaper.
CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS
PERSONAL
COMPUTER
is a small, single user
computer based on a
microprocessor. A
personal computer
has a keyboard for
entering data, a
monitor for displaying
information, and a
storage device for
saving data.
CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS
 WORKSTATION

is a powerful, single-
user computer. A
workstation is like
a personal
computer, but it
has more powerful
microprocessor
and a higher-
quality monitor.
CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS
MINI COMPUTER

Is a multi user
computer capable
of supporting from
1 to hundreds of
users
simultaneously.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS
MAIN FRAME

Is a powerful multi-
user computer
capable of
supporting
hundreds or
thousands of users
simultaneously.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS
SUPER COMPUTER

Is an extremely fast
computer that can
perform millions of
instruction per
second.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPUTERS
DESKTOP
COMPUTERS

Normally made up of
few different parts,
including the
computer case,
Central processing
unit (CPU),
monitor, keyboard
and mouse.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPUTERS
LAPTOP
COMPUTERS

Battery powered
computer devices.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPUTERS
TABLET
COMPUTERS

Hand held
computers with
touch-sensitive
screen for typing
and navigation.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPUTERS
SMARTPHONES

Handheld
telephones which
can do things that
computers do.
DIGITAL AGE,
INFORMATION
AGE, AND
COMPUTER AGE
DIGITAL AGE

Itcaptures the ubiquitous

nature of computing and the
prolific use of the technology in
almost all aspects of human
activity such that digital
interaction is the defining
characteristic of human activity.
 3 STAGES
OF DIGITAL
AGE
 Pre-Digital Age

Pre-digitaltechnology
was a time when devices
had just one function.
Media channels were all
one-way communication,
TV, newspaper, radio,
and magazines.
 Mid-Digital Age

The mid-digital phase is

where we are now.
Companies have embraced
digital more and more in
concept, but they’ve not yet
fully grasped how
expectations have changed.
 Post-Digital Age

 Inthis new digital age, the internet

will be available everywhere and
things like smart cars and smart
homes will be the norm. The concept
of restrictions based on location will
be a thing of the past. There will be
both new freedoms and new
challenges to explore in this age,
with a population born where digital
is just a fact of life.
 Factors of the
Digital Age
 Livingwith digital technologies and
understanding them are two very
different beasts. To be successful in
this new digital age, companies need
to embrace digital in all things. They
need to champion it and focus on
ways that it can be further enhanced
to create even greater value for their
businesses and their customers.
 INFORMATION AGE

It is a historic period in the

21 century marked by
st

the fast transition form

conventional industries
brought about by the
industrial revolution.
 COMPUTER AGE

It began when
ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical
Integrator and
Calculator ) was
Why is it called the
computer age?
This show grade level based
on the word’s complexity. The
period in modern history
characterized by computed
use and development and its
effects on all aspects of life.
 FEATURES OF THE
COMPUTER AGE
 Networks such as the internet allow
a large number of computers and
people to communicate and interact.

 Internetthings, mobility, knowledge

and research,
Digitization,Consumerization,Immers
ive Experience, Long Tail.
MEDIA IN
THE
DIGITAL
AGE
Media is considered to be
the message itself for those
who create and own the
rights of content. The forms
of content can be user
generated or professionally-
produced.
User-Generated Content
(UGC)
Isa form of
content created
and owned by the
users of a system.
 BLOG
Is a combination of
two words web
and log. It works
the same way as
pen and paper
would but privacy
becomes
irrelevant given
that a blog can be
seen by anyone
online. A person
 The Meduim
Medium used
refers to the
tool or tools
used in sending
message form
the source to
the destination.
EXAMPLES
OF
MEDIUM
 TWITTER
 Users of this
application can
constantly update
other twitter users
about a certain
topic. It can also
share other user’s
content and
discuss any topic
with one another.
 MESSENGER
 Messenger is the
one who delivers
the message. This
is why
broadcasters, for
example being the
messenger of
news are called
“media”.
EVOLUTION
OF MEDIA
 EVOLUTION OF MEDIA

The media is transformed itself based

on 2 things:

1. how information is presented; and

2. How the connection is established.

 Marshall McLuhan divided the history
of Media into 4 ages:

1. Tribal Age
2. Age of Literacy
3. Print Age
4. Electronic Age
TRIBAL AGE
 Pre historic people
relied on face to
face interactions.

 Described as an
oral society
dependent on
speech and word
of mouth.
AGE OF LITERACY

Human Beings
learned to read
and write.

This development
allowed people to
communication
and share
information
privately.
PRINT AGE

Print age was

highlighted by the
invention of the
Gutenberg press or
movable type in the
15th century.

Johannes Gutenberg
invented the printing
press, book were
reproduces by
thousands.
 ELECTRONIC AGE

Characterized by the
dominance of the
electronic media.

McLuhan went further by

describing the
electronic age as a
force that turned the
planet into a global
village- where people
are all globally
connected, even at
distance.
 OVERVIEW
OF CURRENT
TRENDS
What is the importance of
current trends?
 Trendsallow businesses to break the
boundaries of the market. Trends put
forward new ideas and opportunities.
Trends allow brands to communicate their
values in a diverse manner.

 TREND is the general direction in which

the attitudes, interest, and actions of a
large segment of a population change over
time including fashion trends, fads and
crazes.
 MAJOR TRENDS

1. IoT and Smart home technology-

the so called Internet of thing (IoT)
has been trending since 2016. The
vision of IoT has evolved due to the
convergence of multiple
technologies, including pervasive
wireless communication, data
analytics, machine learning, and use
of hardware technology such as
sensors, microprocessor, and
2. Augmented reality and virtual
reality – In 2016, the release
of games such as Pokemon Go
and the anticipated VR
headset, Ocutus Rift, serves as
a turning point for AR and VR
technology.
3. Machine Learning- also
called artificial intelligence,
having machine decide for
you seem to be a daunting
task and would probably
make your think of robots
and talking computer similar
to Iron Man’s Jarvis.
IMPACT OF ICT ON INDIVIDUALS,
ORAGANIZATIONS, AND SOCIETY

 ICT brings positive and negative

effects to individual, organizations,
and society.

 Itimproves education, access

information and security, however, it
limits personal interaction and
physical activity and poses problem
in unemployment and security.
 POSTIVE EFFECT
Improved access to Access to information
education
 There are ways of
and
learning such as the use communication
of learning management  The internet is
system (LMS) which widely used in
implements educational communication.
enhancement such as
distance learning and Now tools have
online tutorial, virtual promoted such as
reality and interactive VoIp phone, instant
multimedia. messaging (IM) .
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Reduce personal
interaction and
physical activity
 Because of virtual
communication,
ironically people
are less likely to
talk to or meet
each other in
person.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN ICT

P PLAGIARISM

E EXPLOITATION

L LIBEL

SOFTWARE
S PIRACY
 PLAGIARISM
 Is an act of theft.
This simply occurs
when a person
copies. Another
person’s ideas,
words writing and
call it as his or her
own. Those who
committed such
action may lead to
serious legal and
 EXPLOATION

It is an action in which Examples of Exploation

 Sexual Exploation
one deals with a
 Labour Exploation
person dishonestly,
 Domestic Servitude
unethically and  Forced Marriage
dishonorably, in  Forced Criminality
order to take  Organ Harvesting
advantage of the
latters works and/or  ICT is exploited by the
resources. This lead terrorist organization
to unlawful actions in two ways as TOOL
and as TARGET of
attack.
 LIBEL

It may be
categorized as
insult, slur, or
slander. Wither
written or spoken
or even though
actions as long as
the accusation is
not true and
without evidences
it may lead to
 SOFTWARE PIRACY

It refers to an act of
installing or
copying of
software into the
computer in the
absence of an End-
user Licensing
Agreement (EULA),
and producing a
copy disregarding
the copyrights.