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Mechanical Properties of Solids

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45 views18 pages

Mechanical Properties of Solids

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R.Dakshin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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9.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
SOLIDS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
 Stress
 Strain
 Stress-Strain relationship
 Hooke’s law
 Young’s modulus
 Bulk modulus
 Shear modulus of rigidity
 Poisson’s ratio
 Elastic energy
Introduction
• Deforming force:
A force which changes the size or shape of a body is called a deforming force.
• Elasticity:
If a body regains its original size and shape after the removal of deforming
force, it is said to be elastic body and this property is called elasticity.
Ex: If we stretch a rubber band and release it, it snaps back to its original
length.
• Plasticity:
If a body does not regain its original size and shape even after the removal of
deforming force, it is said to be a plastic body and this property is called
plasticity.
Ex: If we stretch a piece of chewing-gum and release it, it will not regain its
original size and shape.
• Note: No body is perfectly elastic or perfectly plastic.
Stress
• The internal restoring force set up per unit area of cross-
section of the deformed body is called stress.
• As the restoring force is equal and opposite to the external
deforming force, there fore
Stress = Applied force / Area
=F/A
• The SI unit of stress is Nm-2 and the CGS unit is dyne cm-2
• The dimensional formula of stress is [ML-1T-2].
Types of stress
• (i) Tensile stress: It is the restoring force set up per unit cross-
sectional area of a body when the length of the body increases in the
direction of the deforming force. It is also known as longitudinal stress.

• (ii) Compressional stress: It is the restoring force set up per unit


cross-sectional area of a body when its length decreases under a
deforming force.
Types of stress …….
• (iii) Hydrostatic stress: If a body is subjected to a uniform
force from all sides, then the corresponding stress is called
hydrostatic stress.

• Tangential or Shearing stress: When a deforming force


acts tangentially to the surface of a body, it produces a change
in the shape of the body. The tangential force applied per unit
area is equal to the tangential stress.
Strain

• The ratio of the change in any dimension produced in the body to


the original dimension is called strain.
Strain = Change in dimension / Original dimension
• It has no units and dimensions.
• Types of strain:
• (i) Longitudinal strain: It is defined as the increase in length per
unit original length, when the body is deformed by external forces.
Longitudinal strain = Change in length / Original length
= ∆l / l
• (ii) Volumetric strain: It is defined as the change in volume per
unit original volume, when the body is deformed by external forces.
Volumetric strain = Change in volume / Original volume
= ∆V / V
Strain …..

• (iii) Shearing strain: It is defined as the angle θ (in


radian), through which a face originally perpendicular to the
fixed face gets turned on applying tangential deforming
force.
Shear strain = θ = tanθ = ∆x / L
= Relative displacement between 2 parallel planes /
Distance between parallel planes
Hooke’s Law
• Within the elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to
strain.
Stress α Strain
Stress = E Strain
Where E is the proportionality constant and is known as
modulus of elasticity or coefficient of elasticity of the material.
• E depends on the nature of the material of the body.
• Modulus of elasticity(E): It is the ratio of stress to the
corresponding strain, with in the elastic limit.
• Its SI unit is Nm-2
• [E] = [ML-1T-2].
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity(Y)
• Within the elastic limit, the ratio of longitudinal stress to the
longitudinal strain is called Young’s modulus of the material of the
wire.
• Suppose a wire of length l and
cross-sectional area A suffers
an increase in length ∆l under
a force F acting along its length l.
• Y = Longitudinal stress /
Longitudinal strain
= (F/A) / (∆l/l)
= (F/A).(l/∆l)
• Young’s modulus of elasticity is equal to the force required to extend
a wire of unit length and unit area of cross-section by unit amount.
• The SI unit of Y is Nm-2 or pascal (Pa) and its CGS unit is dyne cm-2.
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity(k or B)
• Within the elastic limit, the ratio of normal stress to the volumetric strain is
called bulk modulus of elasticity.
• Consider a body of volume V and
surface area A. Suppose a force
F acts uniformly over the whole
surface of the body and it
decreases the volume by ∆V.
• The bulk modulus of elasticity
is given by
k = Normal stress /
Volumetric strain
= - (F/A) / (∆V/V) = - (pV) / ∆V, Where p is normal pressure
• ‘-’ shows that the volume decreases with increase in stress.
• The SI unit of bulk modulus is Nm-2 or pascal (Pa) and its CGS unit is dyne
cm-2.
 Shear Modulus (η)

Within the Elastic limit, the ratio of tangential stress to shear strain is called
modulus of rigidity.
 Poisson’s ratio
Stress-Strain curve for a metallic wire
• A graph is plotted between the stress and the strain produced for a material.
• These curves help us to understand how a given material deforms with
increasing loads.
• (i)Region OA:
It is a straight line indicating
that stress is proportional to
strain. Hooke’s law is obeyed.
The point A is called the
proportional limit. The wire is
perfectly elastic.
• (ii)Region AB:
Stress is not proportional to
strain. The wire still returns to
its original length, if the load
is removed. The point B is called elastic limit or yield point.
Stress-Strain curve for a metallic wire ……..
• (iii) When the load is removed, say at point C between B
and D, the wire does not regain its original length. In this
case, even when the stress is zero, the strain is not zero.
• The material is said to have a permanent set. The
deformation is said to be plastic deformation.
• The point D is the ultimate tensile strength of the material.
• (iv) Beyond point D additional strain is produced even by a
reduced applied force and fracture occurs at point E.
• If the ultimate strength(D) and Fracture point(E) are close,
the material is said to be brittle. If they are far apart, the
material is said to be ductile.
 Elastic potential energy of a stretched wire (U)
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