Formulating Claims of
Facts, Policy and
Value
In the realm of persuasive communication and critical thinking, the art
of formulating claims stands as a cornerstone. Whether in academic
discourse, policy debates, or everyday discussions, the ability to craft
clear, compelling claims is essential. This presentation delves into the
intricate world of claim formulation, exploring the three primary types:
claims of fact, policy, and value.
We'll examine how these claims differ, their unique characteristics, and
the strategies for constructing them effectively. By mastering the skill of
claim formulation, you'll enhance your ability to articulate ideas,
construct arguments, and engage in meaningful debates across various
domains.
By: Mr. Marc Gerald Castro
What are Claims?
1 Definition 2 Purpose
Claims are assertions or Claims serve to express
statements that present a opinions, state facts,
position or argument. They propose policies, or make
form the foundation of value judgments. They are
persuasive communication essential in structuring
and critical thinking. arguments and initiating
discussions.
3 Characteristics 4 Importance
Effective claims are clear, Understanding and
specific, and debatable. formulating claims is
They should be supported crucial for academic
by evidence and reasoning writing, policy-making,
to enhance their credibility legal arguments, and
and persuasiveness. everyday decision-making
processes.
Claims of Fact
1 Definition
Claims of fact assert that something is true or false. They are based on
empirical evidence and can be verified through observation, research, or
experimentation.
2 Characteristics
These claims are objective, measurable, and often supported by data or
expert testimony. They aim to establish a shared understanding of
reality.
3 Examples
Examples include "The Earth orbits the Sun" or "The global temperature
has risen by 1°C since the pre-industrial era." These claims can be
substantiated through scientific evidence.
4 Importance
Claims of fact are fundamental in scientific discourse, journalism, and
legal proceedings. They provide a foundation for further arguments and
policy decisions.
Claims of Policy
Definition Characteristics Examples
Claims of policy propose a These claims are action-oriented Examples include "The voting
course of action or advocate for and often begin with phrases like age should be lowered to 16" or
a specific solution to a problem. "We should..." or "The "Our company should implement
They suggest what should be government must..." They aim to a four-day workweek." These
done or how things should be persuade others to support or claims require supporting
changed. implement a particular policy or arguments and consideration of
decision. potential consequences.
Claims of Value
Definition Characteristics
Claims of value express These claims are often subjective
judgments about the worth, and based on personal beliefs,
morality, or aesthetics of cultural norms, or ethical
something. They assert that principles. They can be more
something is good or bad, right challenging to prove definitively
or wrong, beautiful or ugly. compared to claims of fact.
Examples Importance
Examples include "Democracy is Claims of value are crucial in
the best form of government" or ethical discussions, art criticism,
"Van Gogh's 'Starry Night' is a and philosophical debates. They
masterpiece of post-impressionist help shape societal norms and
art." These claims often spark individual decision-making
debates and require careful processes.
argumentation.
Supporting Claims
Gather Evidence
Collect relevant data, statistics, expert opinions, and research
findings that support your claim. Ensure the evidence is credible
and from reliable sources.
Develop Reasoning
Construct logical arguments that connect your evidence to your
claim. Use inductive or deductive reasoning to strengthen your
position.
Address Counterarguments
Anticipate potential objections to your claim and address them
proactively. This demonstrates a well-rounded understanding of the
topic.
Provide Context
Offer background information and context that helps your audience
understand the significance of your claim within the broader
discussion.
Evaluating the Strength of Claims
Criteria Description Importance
Clarity Is the claim clearly High
stated and easily
understood?
Specificity Is the claim precise Medium
and focused?
Evidence Is there sufficient and High
credible evidence to
support the claim?
Relevance Does the claim directly Medium
address the issue at
hand?
Logical Consistency Is the claim free from High
logical fallacies and
contradictions?
Potential Pitfalls in Claim Formulation
Overgeneralization Bias Ambiguity Irrelevance
Avoid making sweeping Be aware of personal Ensure claims are clear and Keep claims focused and
statements that don't biases that may influence specific. Avoid vague directly related to the main
account for exceptions or claim formulation. Strive language that could lead to argument or topic. Avoid
nuances. Qualify claims for objectivity and consider misinterpretation or tangential or unrelated
when necessary to increase multiple perspectives. confusion. assertions.
accuracy and credibility.
Strategies for Effective Claim
Formulation
1 Research Thoroughly
Conduct comprehensive research to gather relevant information and
evidence. This will help you formulate well-informed and substantiated
claims.
2 Define Terms Clearly
Explicitly define any key terms or concepts used in your claim to avoid
misunderstandings and ensure a shared understanding with your
audience.
3 Use Precise Language
Choose words carefully to convey your exact meaning. Avoid ambiguous
or emotionally charged language that could detract from the clarity of
your claim.
4 Test and Refine
Subject your claims to critical analysis and peer review. Be open to
refining and adjusting your claims based on feedback and new
information.
Applying Claim Formulation in Practice
Academic Writing Business Presentations Political Discourse
In academic papers, use claims to When pitching ideas or presenting In political debates or policy
structure your thesis and main reports, use clear claims to discussions, formulate claims that
arguments. Ensure each claim is highlight key points and clearly state your position on
supported by evidence and recommendations. Support these issues. Be prepared to support
contributes to your overall claims with data and analysis to these claims with facts and
argument. persuade stakeholders. address potential
counterarguments.
