Transaction Serializability

Prof. Deptii Chaudhari

 HOPE FOUNDATION’S
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, (I²IT)
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 Transaction Serializability

• Basic Assumption – Each transaction preserves database

consistency.
• Thus serial execution of a set of transactions preserves
database consistency.
• A (possibly concurrent) schedule is serializable if it is
equivalent to a serial schedule.
• Different forms of schedule equivalence give rise to the
notions of:
1. Conflict serializability
2. View serializability
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 Conflicting Instructions
• Instructions li and lj of transactions Ti and Tj respectively, conflict if and
only if there exists some item Q accessed by both li and lj, and at least one of
these instructions wrote Q.
1. li = read(Q), lj = read(Q). li and lj don’t conflict.
2. li = read(Q), lj = write(Q). They conflict.
3. li = write(Q),lj = read(Q). They conflict
4. li = write(Q),lj = write(Q). They conflict
• Intuitively, a conflict between li and lj forces a (logical) temporal order
between them.
• If li and lj are consecutive in a schedule and they do not conflict, their results would
remain the same even if they had been interchanged in the schedule.

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 Conflict Serializability
• If a schedule S can be transformed into a schedule S´
by a series of swaps of non-conflicting instructions,
we say that S and S´ are conflict equivalent.

• We say that a schedule S is conflict serializable if it

is conflict equivalent to a serial schedule.

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 Conflict Serializability
• Schedule 1 can be transformed into Schedule 2, a serial schedule where T2
follows T1, by series of swaps of non-conflicting instructions.
• Therefore Schedule 1 is conflict serializable.

Schedule 1 Schedule 2
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• Example of a schedule that is not conflict serializable:

• We are unable to swap instructions in the above schedule to obtain

either the serial schedule < T3, T4 >, or the serial schedule < T4, T3 >.

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 Testing for Serializability
• Consider some schedule of a set of transactions T1, T2, ..., Tn
• Precedence graph — a direct graph where the vertices are
the transactions (names).

• We draw an arc from Ti to Tj if the two transaction conflict,

and Ti accessed the data item on which the conflict arose
earlier.
• We may label the arc by the item that was accessed.
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 Example

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 How to check for Conflict serializability?
• Consider the schedule
• T1 | R1(X) R1(X)
• T2 | R2(Y) R2(Y) W2(X)
• T3 | W3(Y)
• Step #1 : Check for the conflicting actions.
• Two or more actions are said to be in conflict if:
• 1. The actions belong to different transactions.
2. At least one of the actions is a write operation.
3. The actions access the same object (read or write).
• The following set of actions is conflicting:
• T1:R(X), T2:W(X), T1:R(X)
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• While the following sets of actions are not:
• T1:R(X), T2:R(Y), T3:R(X)
T1:R(X), T2:W(Y), T3:R(X)
• For our example, we have a conflict on X (T1 reads it and T2 writes it).
We also have a conflict on Y (T2 reads it and T3 writes it).
Initial Graph
• So it has a conflict property but is it serializable?
• Step #2 : Check for a cycle in the Precedence Graph. T1 T2
• First, draw all the Transactions (Tx):

T3

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• Check if there is a Tx that reads an item after a different Tx writes it.
• We have T1 that reads X after T2 writes it, so draw arrow from T2 -> T1
• Check if there is a Tx that writes an item after a different Tx reads it.
• We have T2 that writes X after T1 reads it, so draw arrow from T1 -> T2
• We also have T3 that writes Y after T2 reads it, so draw arrow from T2 -> T3
• Check if there is a Tx that writes an item after a different TX writes it.

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 Final Graph

T1 T2

T3

• We can see that there is a cycle between T1 and T2, so

the graph is cyclic, and therefore it is not conflict
serializable.

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 VIEW SERIALIZABILITY
• Consider two schedules S1 and S2, where the same set of
transactions participates in both schedules. The schedules S1
and S2 are said to be view equivalent if three conditions are
met:
• 1. If Ti reads initial value of A in S1, then Ti also reads initial
value of A in S2
• 2. If Ti reads value of A written by Tj in S1, then Ti also reads
value of A written by Tj in S2
• 3. If Ti writes final value of A in S1, then Ti also writes final
value of A in S2
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• The concept of view equivalence leads to the concept of view
serializability.
• We say that a schedule S is view serializable if it is view
equivalent to a serial schedule.

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 View Equivalent Schedule
• Consider two schedules S1 and S2, they are said to be view equivalent if
following conditions are true :
T1 T2 T1 T2
• Initial read must be same.
R(A) W(A)

W(A) R(A)

S1 S2
• S1 : T1 reads A from Database.
S2 : T1 reads A from T2.
∴ S1 ≠ S2.
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 • There are two transactions say Ti and Tj, The schedule S1 and S2 are view
equivalent if in schedule S1, Ti reads A that has been updated by Tj, and in
schedule S2, Ti must read A from Tj. i.e. write-read(WR) sequence must be
same between S1 and S2.
T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 S1 : T3 reads value of A from T2.
S2 : T3 reads value of A from T1.
W(A) W(A)
∴ S1 ≠ S2.
W(A) i.e. write-read sequence is not
W(A)
R(A) same between S1 and S2.
R(A)
S1
S2

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• Final write operations should be same between S1 and S2.
T1 T2 T3
T1 T2 T3
W2(A)
W1(A)

R2(A) W3(A)

W3(A) R2(A)

S1 W1(A) S1 : A is finally updated by T3.

S2 : A is finally updated by T1.
S2
∴ S1 ≠ S2.

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• Check whether the schedule is view serializable or not?
• S : R2(B); R2(A); R1(A); R3(A); W1(B); W2(B); W3(B)
• Solution: With 3 transactions, total number of schedules possible = 3! = 6
• <T1 T2 T3>
• <T1 T3 T2>
• <T2 T3 T1>
• <T2 T1 T3>
• <T3 T1 T2>
• <T3 T2 T1>
• Step 1 : Final Updation (Write) on data items
• A: -
• B : T1 T2 T3
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• Since the final updation on B is made by T3, so the transaction T3 must execute before transactions T1
and T2.
• Therefore, (T1,T2) → T3
• Now, Removing those schedules in which T3 is not executing at last.
• Remaining Schedules : <T1 T2 T3> and <T2 T1 T3>
• Step 2 : Initial Read + Which transaction updates after read?
• A : T2 T1 T3
• B : T2 T1
• The transaction T2 reads B initially which is updated by T1. So T2 must execute before T1.
• Hence, T2 → T1
• Now, Removing those schedules in which T2 is not executing before T1.
• Remaining Schedules : <T2 T1 T3>

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• Step 3 : Write Read Sequence (WR) :
• No need to check here.

• Hence, view equivalent serial schedule is :

• T2 → T1 → T3

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• Check whether the schedules is View serializable or not ?
• R2(A); R1(A); W1(C); R3(C); W1(B); R4(B); W3(A); R4(C); W2(D);
R2(B); W4(A); W4(B)
• Solution
• The data items on which operations are occurring are A,B,C,D.
• Step 1 : Check for Final Updation (Write) on data items
• A : T3 T4
• B : T1 T4
• C : T1
• D : T2

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• Since the final updation on A is made by T4, so the transaction T4 must execute after T3
transaction.
• Since the final updation on B is made by T4, so the transaction T1 must execute before T3
transaction.
• Dependency 1 : (T1 T3) → T4 ..... (1)
• Step 2 : Initial Read
• Initial Read + Which transaction updates after read?
• A : T2 T1 T3
• The transaction T2 and T1 reads A initially from DB which is updated by T3. So T3 must
execute after T1 and T2.
• Dependency 2 : (T2 T1) → T3 ..... (2)
• From (1) and (2) dependencies, another dependency can be concluded as :
• Dependency 3 : (T1 T2) → T3 → T4 ..... (3)
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• Step 3 : Write Read Sequence (WR) :
WR Seq. : Dependencies :
W1(C) R3(C) T1 → T3
W1(C) R4(C) T1 → T4
W1(B) R4(B) T1 → T4
W1(B) R2(B) T1 → T2

• ⇒ T1 → (T2 T3 T4) ....(4)

• From (3) and (4) dependencies, We conclude the view equivalent serial schedule is :
• T1 → T2 → T3 → T4.

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• Check whether given schedule is view serializable. Justify your answer.

• Step 1 : Check for Final Updation (Write) on data item Q

• (T4, T3 ) -> T5
• DEPENDENCY : (T4 ,T3)→ T5 ……(1)
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• Step 2 : Initial Read
• Initial Read + Which transaction updates after read?
• T3 T4, T5
• The transaction T3 reads Q initially from DB which is updated by T4 & T5. So T3 must
execute before T4 and T5.
• Dependency 2 : T3 → (T4, T5) ..... (2)
• Step 3 : Write Read Sequence (WR)
• No need to check here.
• From dependency (1) T4 must happen before T3 & from dependency 2 T3 must happen
before T4. This results in cyclic dependency which cannot be resolved.
• Hence the given schedule is not view serializable.

Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057
Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]
 References
• Silberschatz A., Korth H., Sudarshan S., "Database System Concepts",
McGraw Hill
 THANK YOU !!

For further information please contact

Prof. Deptii Chaudhari
Department of Computer Engineering
Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I 2IT
Hinjawadi, Pune – 411 057
Phone - +91 20 22933441
www.isquareit.edu.in | [email protected]

Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057
Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - [email protected]