UNIT III

WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEMS

 Access methods: TDMA, FDMA, CDMA and
CSMA
- Capacity of CDMA and SDMA
- - OFDM
- - MIMO
- - Future wireless systems: Introduction to
Front Haul and Back Haul
In wireless communications systems, it is often
desirable to allow the subscriber to send
simultaneously information to the base station
while receiving information from the base station
Duplexing may be done using frequency or
time domain techniques.
Frequency division duplexing (FDD) provides
two distinct bands of frequencies for every
user The forward band provides traffic from
the base station to the mobile, and the
reverse band provides traffic from the mobile
to the base station.
Access techniques used to share the
available bandwidth in a wireless
communication system. The techniques
can be grouped as narrowband and
wideband systems, depending upon how
the available bandwidth is allocated to
the users.
Narrowband Systems — used to relate
the bandwidth of a single channel to
the expected coherence bandwidth of
the channel.
In a narrowband, the available radio
spectrum is divided into a large
number of narrowband channels.
Wideband systems —the transmission
bandwidth of a single channel is much larger
than the coherence bandwidth of the
channel.

A large number of transmitters are allowed to

transmit on the same channel.
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

The total bandwidth is divided into time slots; different

timeslot is assigned to different users.
 Efficiency of TDMA
The efficiency of a TDMA system is a measure of the percentage of transmitted data that
contains information as opposed to providing overhead for the access scheme.
The frame efficiency is the percentage of bits per frame which contain transmitted data.
The number of overhead bits per frame is
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Frequency

User n

…
User 2

User 1
Time

• Single channel per carrier

• All first generation systems use FDMA

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 Types of Channels

• Control channel
– Forward (Downlink) control channel
– Reverse (Uplink) control channel
• Traffic channel
– Forward traffic (traffic or information) channel
– Reverse traffic (traffic or information) channel

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 Types of Channels (Cont’d)
Reverse channel (Uplink) Control channels
f’

f1’
f2’
…

fn’
f1
f2

…
fn

MS
Forward channels BS
Traffic channels
(Downlink)
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 FDMA

f1’ f1
MS #1

f2’ f2
MS #2 …

…
…

fn’ fn
MS #n

BS
Reverse channels Forward channels
(Uplink) (Downlink)

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Code-division multiple access
 The CDMA came into existence in 2G and 3G
generation as the protocol of wireless
communication.

 It is based on the spread spectrum

technology and makes optimal use of the available
bandwidth.

 Since it uses the spread spectrum technology,

hence allows each user to transmit the data over the
entire frequency spectrum at any time.
 CDMA provides one of the most secure
modes of communication due to its spread
spectrum property.

 It is used in UHF cellular systems, with

frequency bands ranging from 800MHz to
1900MHz.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a
network protocol for carrier transmission

 operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC)

layer.

 It senses or listens whether the shared channel

for transmission is busy or not, and transmits if
the channel is not busy.
 To decrease the chances of collisions when
two or more stations start sending their
signals over the datalink layer.

 Carrier Sense multiple access requires that

each station first check the state of the
medium before sending.
Carrier-sense multiple access
with collision detection
CSMA/CD is used to improve CSMA performance
by terminating transmission as soon as a collision
is detected, thus shortening the time required
before a retry can be attempted.
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

• Similar to CSMA but control frames are exchanged

instead of data packets
– RTS: request to send
– CTS: clear to send
– DATA: actual packet
– ACK: acknowledgement

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 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Avoidance (CSMA-CA)
• Small control frames lessen the cost of
collisions (when data is large)
• RTS + CTS provide “virtual carrier sense”
• protects against hidden terminal

A B
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Types of CSMA Access Modes:

There are 4 types of access modes available in CSMA. It is also referred as 4 different
types of CSMA protocols which decides time to start sending data across a shared media.

1-Persistent: It senses the shared channel first and delivers the data right away if the
channel is idle. If not, it must wait and continuously track for the channel to become idle
and then broadcast the frame without condition as soon as it does. It is an aggressive
transmission algorithm.
Non-Persistent: It first assesses the channel before transmitting data; if the channel is
idle, the node transmits data right away. If not, the station must wait for an arbitrary
amount of time (not continuously), and when it discovers the channel is empty, it sends
the frames.
P-Persistent: It consists of the 1-Persistent and Non-Persistent modes combined. Each
node observes the channel in the P-Persistent mode, and if the channel is idle, it sends a
frame with a P probability. If the data is not transferred, the frame restarts with the
following time slot after waiting for a (q = 1-p probability) random period.
O-Persistent: A supervisory node gives each node a transmission order. Nodes wait for
their time slot according to their allocated transmission sequence when the transmission
medium is idle.
Spatial division multiple access (SDMA)
Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is a
channel access method used in mobile
communication systems which reuses the
same set of cell phone frequencies in a given
service area.

SDMA is completely free from interference

Traditional cellular base stations radiate
power in all directions, because they have
no information about where the mobile
device is located.
This wastes power and causes
interference to adjacent cells, as well as
making it harder to distinguish weaker
incoming signals from among the noise
and interference.
By using smart antenna technology to track
the spatial location of mobile devices, the
radiation pattern of the base station can be
adjusted to optimize both transmission and
reception for each user device
By rapidly adjusting the phase of
signals from several antennas, the
base station can effectively steer a
beam or a spot of RF power to or
from each user.
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)

multicarrier modulation
Digital multi-carrier modulation
scheme by using multiple
subcarriers within the same
single channel.
OFDM signal consists of a number of
closely spaced modulated carriers.

when signals are transmitted close to

one another they must be spaced

receiver can separate them using a filter

and there must be a guard band between
them
Ofdm is a method of data transmission
where a single information stream is split
among several closely spaced narrowband
subchannel frequencies instead of a single
Wideband channel frequency.
OFDM Cyclic Prefix
o primarily act as a guard band
between successive symbols to
overcome intersymbol
interference
It repeats the end of the symbol so the
linear convolution of a frequency-selective
multipath channel can be modeled as
circular convolution,

This approach accommodates simple

frequency domain processing, such as
channel estimation and equalization
Advantages

Provides robustness: The addition of the cyclic

prefix adds robustness to the OFDM signal. The
data that is retransmitted can be used if
required.
Reduces inter-symbol interference: The guard
interval introduced by the cyclic prefix enables
the effects of inter-symbol interference to be
reduced.
Disadvantages

Reduces data capacity: As the cyclic prefix re-

transmits data that is already being transmitted, it
takes up system capacity and reduces the overall
data rate.
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Multiple Input Multiple Output
technology uses multiple antennas to
make use of reflected signals to provide
gains in channel robustness and
throughput
MIMO, is a radio communications technology
or RF technology that is being mentioned and
used in many new technologies these days.
 Wireless Challenges

• Spectral efficiency
– Spectrum very expensive $$$
– Maximize data rate per bandwidth bits/sec/Hz

• Quality
– Wireless links fluctuate
– Desire SNR to have large mean and low variance

How can we maximize spectral efficiency and quality?

• Limited transmit power
 Solution: MIMO Wireless Systems

Transmitter • • Receiver
• •
•
•

• Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) using multiple antennas at

transmitter and receiver

• Antennas spaced independent fading

• Allow space-time signaling

Precoding- All the available signal
phases are adjusted in this
category so that solid signal
strength can be gained at the
receiver.
Spatial multiplexing- There is a requirement
of greatly complex signal receivers in this
category.
Diversity Coding- This type of MIMO utilized
where the signal can’t be determined across the
air. There is space-time coding used by a single
data stream for boosting the reliability of
transmitted signal because of the data
redundancy at the end of the receiver.