SECTION I

“Troops who march in an irregular and disorderly

manner are always in great danger of being
defeated.” – Vegetius: De Re Militari: A.D. 378
 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
 This portion of the manual provides
guidance for AFP-wide uniformity in the
conduct of drills. It includes methods of
instructing drills, teaching techniques,
individual and unit drills, manual of arms
for infantry weapons and various other
aspects of basic drill instruction.
 This is designed for use by soldiers of all
military occupational skill, including cadets
and recruits in the initial training
environment. So as to maintain
consistency throughout the AFP, the
procedures prescribed herein shall be
 GENERAL
 The AFP prescribes its own drill
regulations with the end goal of
cultivating to the full alertness and the
presence of mind of each military
personnel not only during drills but at all
times. These attributes of character are
essential to the members of the AFP.
 All movements in this manual are
precision movements designed to foster
proper coordination among military
personnel. Teamwork is the final result.
 In the military service, we help attain
teamwork through drill and ceremonies.
 GENERAL Cont.
 In the military service, we help attain
teamwork through drill and ceremonies.
 Drills consist of certain movements
by which the squad, platoon, company
or battalion is moved in an orderly
manner from one formation to another.
These movements are executed with
smartness, order and precision. Each
individual in the squad, platoon or
company does his part exactly as how
he is supposed to perform.
 GENERAL Cont.
 The primary purpose of drill is to
teach a precise and orderly way of doing
things. As drills increase skill and
coordination, they accustom a soldier to
respond to commands. Drills also
promote teamwork. It is important for a
soldier to know and understand a drill,
otherwise, its value is lost. It must be
remembered that a drill is conducted
with precision. Hence, perfection is the
only accepted standard. Drill periods are
frequent and of short duration.
 GENERAL Cont.
 Finally, everyone gets a certain amount
of pleasure from doing anything well in
joint effort with others. A military
ceremony provides the same reaction.
After every successful ceremony, every
soldier-participant can proudly claim: “I
was there”.
 DRILL TERMS -
– To help understand the meaning of drill
terms, the following definitions are included:
 ALIGNMENT (Linya): A straight line
upon which several elements or terms
are formed. It is the dressing of several
elements upon a straight line. A unit is
aligned when it is dressed.
 ARMS SWING: The swinging of arms
must be 6 inches straight to the front
and 3 inches straight to the rear of the
trouser seams, with knuckles out facing
forward and fingers formed into a fist
with the thumb over the forefinger.
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 BASE: The elements on which a movement is
regulated. For instance, in executing right front
into line, the leading squad is the base.
 CADENCE: The uniform rhythm by which a
movement is executed or the number of steps
or counts per minute of which movement is
executed. Drill movements are normally
executed at the cadence of quick time or
double time.
 CENTER (Gitna): The middle point or element
of a command. In a platoon of three squads in
line, the second squad from the right is the
center. With four squads in the platoon, the
second squad from the right is the center
squad, the rule being that when these are even
number of squads (platoons), the right-center
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 COLUMN: A formation in which the elements
are placed one behind another. Example: a
column of files (men placed one behind
another); column squad (squads one behind
another); and column platoon (one behind
another).
 DEPTH (Lalim): The space from front to rear of
any formation or position. This includes the front
and rear elements. The depth of a man is
assumed to be 12 inches.
 DISTANCE (Layo): The space between
elements when the elements are one behind the
other. Between units, it varies with the size of
the formation; between individuals it is an arm’s
length to the front plus six inches or about 40
inches, measured from chest of one man to the
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 DOUBLE TIME (Takbong Hakbang):
Cadence at a rate of 180 steps per minute.
 ECHELON: One of a series of elements
formed one behind another. This is also a
modification of line formation in which
adjacent elements are disposed one in the
rear of the other.
 ELEMENT: An individual, squad, platoon,
company, or larger body, forming a part of
still another larger body.
 EYES RIGHT (Handa, Tingin sa Kanan,
Na): The direction of the face during the
eyes right should be 45 degrees to the right
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 FILE (Tudling): Two men, the front-rank man
and the corresponding man of the rear rank.
The front-rank man is the file leader. A file,
which has no rear-rank man, is not a file. The
term file applies also to a single man in a single
rank formation. It is a single column of men one
behind the other.
 FLANK (Panig): The right or left extremity of a
unit, either in line or in column; the element on
the extreme right or left of the line; a direction
at a right angle to the direction where an
element or a formation is facing.
 FORMATION (Hanay): Arrangement of the
elements of a unit in line, in column or any
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 FRONT (Harap): The direction in which a
command faces.
 FRONTAGE (Harapan): The space occupied
by an element measured from one flank to the
opposite flank. The frontage of a man is
assumed to be 22 inches, measured from the
right to the elbow and therefore does not
include the 12 inches between all men in line.
The frontage of a squad, however, includes the
intervals between men.
 GUIDE (Gabay): The man with whom the
command or element thereof regulates its
march. This is often the case in battle or on
practice marches. In a squad drill, a private
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 HEAD (Unahan): The leading element of a column.
To understand this definition, one must remember
that an element is a file squad platoon, company or
larger body forming a part of still another larger
body.
 INTERVAL (Pagitan): The lateral space between
elements on the same line. An interval is measured
between individuals from shoulder to shoulder; and
between formations, from flank to flank. Unit
commanders and those with them are not
considered in measuring interval between elements
of the unit with which they are posted. Normal
interval between individuals is one arm’s length.
Close interval is the horizontal distance between
shoulder and elbow when the left hand is placed on
the left hip.
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 LEFT (Kaliwa): The left extremity or element
of a body of troops.
 LINE (Linya): A formation in which the
different elements are abreast. The expression
“abreast of each other” means on the same
line. The other vital part of this definition
centers on the word “element”. A section may
be an element. Therefore, if the leading
elements of several sections are on the same
line, it becomes a line formation.
 LOOSE PIECES: Rifles and automatic rifles not
used in making stacks.
 OBLIQUE (Lihis): An angle between 0 and 45
degrees. (Right/Left oblique - march is at an
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 ORDER CLOSE: The formation in which the
units, in double rank, are separated by intervals
greater than that in close order.
 PACE: 30 inches is the length of the full step in
quick time. The pace at double time is 36
inches.
 PIECE: The term piece as used in this text
means the rifle or automatic rifle.
 POINT OF THE REST: The point at which a
formation begins, especially the point toward
which units are aligned in successive
movements. For instance, in executing “ON
RIGHT INTO LINE”, the point of rest is the place
where the leading squad halts.
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 QUICK TIME (Siglang Hakbang): Cadence at
a rate of 120 steps per minute.
 RIGHT: The right extremity or element of a
body of troops.
 SWORD SWING: The swinging of sword must
be 6 inches to the front and 3 inches to the rear
of the trouser seams.
 SLOW TIME: Cadence at a rate of 60 steps per
minute.
 STEP (Hakbang): The distance measured from
heel to heel between the feet of a man walking.
A step maybe any prescribed number of inches.
The half step and back step are 15 inches. The
right step and left step are 12 inches. The steps
in quick and double time are 30 and 36 inches,
respectively.
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 SUCCESSIVE MOVEMENT (Sunurang galaw): A
maneuver in which the various elements of a command
execute a certain movement one after another as
distinguished from a simultaneous movement.
 TO REVOKE A COMMAND: To cancel a command that
has not been carried out or to start a movement
improperly begun from halt, the command
MANUMBALIK is given. On this command, the
movement of troops and men resumes its former
position.
 PARTIAL CHANGES OF DIRECTION: To change the
direction of a column by 45 degrees to the left or right
the command is LIKO HATING-KANAN (KALIWA),
KAD. To execute a slight change of direction, the
command PAGAWING KANAN (KALIWA) is given.
The guide or guiding elements move/s in the indicated
direction, and the rest of the unit follows.
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 NUMBERING UNITS: For drill purposes, platoons within
each company are numbered from right to left when the
company is in line and from front to rear when the
company is in column. Squads within each platoon are
numbered from right to left when the platoon is in line
and from front to rear when the platoon is in column.
 POST: Post means the correct place for an officer or
non-commissioned officer to stand. This can be in front,
behind or by the side of a unit. When changes in
formation involve changes of posts, the new post is
taken by the most direct route and, as soon as
practicable, after the command of execution. Officers
and non-commissioned officers who have prescribed
duties in connection with the movements take their
posts when the duties are completed. In executing a
movement or facing, and when moving from one post to
another, officers and non-commissioned officers
maintain a military bearing and move with smartness
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
• In movements after the first formation,
guidon bearers and special units maintain their
positions with respect to the flank or the end of
the unit to which they were originally posted.
• In all formations and movements, non-
commissioned officers commanding an element
take the same post as prescribed for an officer.
When giving commands, making or receiving
reports (except squad leaders in ranks) or
drilling a unit, a non-commissioned officer
armed with rifle carries it at the right shoulder.
• When acting as an instructor, the officer or
non-commissioned officer goes wherever his
presence is needed to correct mistakes and
supervise the performance of the men in ranks.
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 COUNTING CADENCE
 Except at the beginning of basic training, the
commander or instructor does not count cadence to
acquaint the men with cadence rhythm. When a man
gets out of step, he is corrected by the commander who
halts the unit and then moves everybody off in the
step. Counting cadence by the group helps to teach
group coordination, cadence, and rhythm. To help a
man keep in step, the commander encourages him to
keep his head up and watch the head and shoulders of
the man in front of him. The command is BILANG
HAKBANG, KAD. The command of execution is given
as the left foot strikes the ground. The next time the
left foot strikes the ground, the group calls the cadence
for 8 steps in a firm and vigorous manner as follows:
ISA, DALAWA, TATLO, APAT… However, this
command must not be executed in a boisterous
manner. The good instructor holds his counting to a
 DRILL TERMS – Cont.
 As soldiers begin to master the art of drills,
instructors try to create a spirit of competition
among individuals and between units.
Although repetition is necessary when
teaching drills, instructors must use
competitive drill exercises to ensure that drills
do not become boring or monotonous.
 Mass commands are used to develop
confidence and promote enthusiasm. These
are effective in developing a command voice
when instructing a leadership course.
Procedures for using mass commands are
discussed in Section 2.
 “The spirit of discipline, as distinct from its
outward and visible guises, is the result of
association with martial traditions and their living
embodiment.” – B.H. Liddell Hart, Thoughts on War,
1944
 2.1 GENERAL
 A drill command is an oral order of a commander
or leader. The precision of a movement is affected
by the manner in which the command is given.
 The following rules for giving commands apply to
the commander when the unit drills as a separate
unit and not as a part of a larger formation.

1. When at halt, the commander faces the troops when

giving commands. On commands that set the unit in
motion (marching from one point to another), the
commander moves simultaneously with the unit to
maintain correct position within the formation.
2. When marching, the commander turns his head
toward the direction of the troops to give
commands.
3. Exceptions to these rules occur during ceremonies.
 2.1 GENERAL Cont.
 When elements drill as a part of a
larger unit, the rules of supplementary
commands apply
(see supplementary commands).
 The commander gives the command
MANUMBALIK (AS YOU WERE) to
revoke a preparatory command that he
has given. The command MANUMBALIK
must be given prior to the command of
execution. The commander cannot cancel
the command of execution with
MANUMBALIK. If an improper command
is not revoked, the personnel execute the
movement in the best manner possible.
 2.2 TWO PART COMMANDS
 Most drill commands have two parts: the
preparatory command and the command of
execution. Neither is a command itself, but
the parts are termed commands to simplify
instruction. The command HANDA (READY),
SIPAT (AIM), PUTOK (FIRE) is considered to
be a two-part command even though it
contains two pre-commands.
1. The preparatory command states the
movement to be carried out and mentally
prepares the soldier for its execution. In the
command PASULONG KAD, the preparatory
command is PASULONG.
2. The command of execution tells when the
movement is to be carried out. In PASULONG
KAD, the command of execution is KAD.
 2.2 TWO PART COMMANDS
Cont.
 To change the direction of a unit when
marching, the preparatory command and
the command of execution for each
movement are given so they begin and
end in the direction of the turn. KANANG
PANIG, KAD (RIGHT FLANK) is given as
the right foot strikes the marching surface,
and KALIWANG PANIG, .
 As the left foot strikes the marching
surface. The interval between the
preparatory command and the command
of execution is normally one step or count.
 2.3 ENGLISH VERSION TO
FILIPINO VERSION
a. The AFP commands are derived from
English and subsequently translated to
Filipino. This attempt to localize the
English version has brought about
varied interpretations as to the
preciseness of the terms being used. In
the command of execution, for example,
the words RAP, NA, KAD, TA and
others are often misused/interchanged.
The commander also opts to use what
he thinks is appropriate.
 2.3 ENGLISH VERSION TO
FILIPINO VERSION
b) To provide for uniformity, simplicity and
preciseness and to suit the Filipino
commands in terms of voice control,
distinctiveness, inflections and cadence,
the following guidelines are set forth.
1) In general, the word NA is used to signal the
command of execution except for the
following:
a) TA – (abbreviated SANDATA) manual of
arms for rifles and pistols except for KALIS
and TALIBONG, which fall under general rule.
b) KAD – (abbreviated LAKAD) from at rest
to motion and all subsequent commands in
motion, e.g.: PASULONG, KAD.
 2.3 ENGLISH VERSION TO
FILIPINO VERSION
c) TO – (abbreviated HINTO) from motion to
rest.
d) RAP – (abbreviated HARAP) in HANDA
HARAP as literal translation of READY
FRONT. They are also to be used in the
commands left face, right face and about face.
e) DA – (abbreviated HUMANDA) for attention.
f) NGA – (abbreviated PAHINGA) in TIKAS
PAHINGA or PARADE REST.
g) Combined commands
h) Supplementary commands
i) Mass Commands
j) Directives
 2.4 COMBINED COMMANDS
 In some commands, the preparatory
command and the command of execution
are combined, for example, HUMANAY
(FALL IN), PALUWAG (AT EASE),
LUMANSAG (DISMISS). The commands
are given without inflection and at a
uniform high pitch and loudness
comparable to that of a normal command
of execution.
 2.5 SUPPLEMENTARY
COMMANDS
a. Supplementary commands are oral
orders given by a subordinate leader to
reinforce and complement a
commander’s orders. They ensure
proper understanding and execution of
a movement. They extend to the lowest
subordinate leader exercising control
over an element for he commands as a
separate element within the same
formation.
 SUPPLEMENTARY COMMANDS
b.
Cont. may be a preparatory
A supplementary command
command, a portion of a pre-command, or a two-part
command. It is normally given between the pre-
command and the command of execution. It is used
when a command requires an element of a unit to
execute a movement different from other elements
within the same formation, or the same movement at
the time prescribed by the procedures covering that
particular movement. For example, the platoon is in
column formation and the platoon leader commands
DALAWAHANG TUDLING SUNURAN MULA SA
KALIWA (pause), KAD. The first and second TUDLING
leaders command PASULONG; the third and forth
TUDLING leaders command MANATILI (STAND
FAST). On the command of execution KAD, the first and
second squads march forward. At the appropriate time,
the squad leader (third) nearest the moving element
commands LIKO HATING KALIWA, KAD (for both
remaining squads). As the third and fourth squad
leaders reach the line of the march, they automatically
execute a LIKO HATING KANAN and obtain normal
distance behind the first and second squads.
 SUPPLEMENTARY COMMANDS
 Cont.
A subordinate leader gives all supplementary
commands over his right shoulder except when
his command is based on the actions of an
element on his left or when the sub-element is to
execute a LIKO SA KALIWA, LIKO HATING
KALIWA or KALIWANG PANIG. Giving
commands over the left shoulder occurs when
changing the configuration of a formation, such
as forming a file or a column of four and
reforming.
 Note: When in formation at present arms and the
preparatory command of order of arms is given,
the subordinate leaders terminate their salute
before giving their supplementary commands.
 SUPPLEMENTARY COMMANDS
Cont
d. Supplementary commands are not given by a
sub-leader for the combined commands
HUMANAY, PALUWAG, TIWALAG or for mass
drills when his element forms part of a mass
formation. However, supplementary commands
are given when forming a mass or when forming
a column from a mass.
e. Except for commands while in mass formation,
platoon leaders give supplementary commands
following the commands of the commander.
When the preparatory command is BALANGAY,
the platoon leaders immediately come to
attention and command PULUTONG. The
company commander allows for all
supplementary commands before giving the
 SUPPLEMENTARY COMMANDS
Cont.
f. When no direction is given, the response
is understood to be forward. When no
rate of march is given, the response is
SIGLANG HAKBANG (QUICK TIME).
This normally happens when a direction
or rate of march is included in the pre-
command, or the direction or rate of
march is given as a supplementary
command.
 2.6 MASS COMMANDS
a. Mass commands may be used to develop
confidence and promote enthusiasm. (They
are definitely effective in developing a
command voice when instructing a
leadership course.)
b. When the commander wants the unit to use
mass commands, he commands SA AKING
PAG-UTOS (AT MY COMMAND). The
commander gives preparatory command
describing the movement to be performed.
For example, face the platoon to the right.
The command of execution is RAP
(COMMAND). When the commander orders
HARAP SA KANAN, RAP (COMMAND), all
personnel in the unit execute the command
 MASS COMMANDS Cont.
c. To give mass commands while marching, the
commander gives the preparatory command
for the movement and substitutes KAD
(COMMAND) for the command of execution
KAD (MARCH), for example, LIKO SA
KANAN, KAD (COLUMN RIGHT COMMAND);
PABALIK KAD (REAR COMMAND).
d. Mass commands for the execution of the
manual of arms are given in the same manner
as described in sub-paragraphs a-c.
e. When the commander wants to stop mass
commands, he commands SA AKING PAG-
UTOS (AT MY COMMAND). The normal
method in the conduct of drills is then
resumed.
 2.7 DIRECTIVES
a. Directives are described as all oral orders
given by the commander that direct or
cause subordinate leader to take actions.
b. The commander gives directives rather
than
commands when it is more appropriate for
subordinate elements to execute a
movement or perform a task as
independent elements of the same
formation.
 DIRECTIVES Cont.
c. Directives are given in sentence form and
are normally prefixed by the terms “IBUKA
ANG TALUDTOD AT ITUNGKOD ANG
SANDATA”. Example: “ITANGHAL ANG
SANDATA”.
d. “PAMUNUAN ANG INYONG PANGKAT O
TILAP, PULUTONG, BALANGAY” is the
only directive with which a commander
relinquishes his command and with which
salutes are exchanged.
e. A subordinate commander, upon receiving a
directive, will resort to the normal two-part
command.
 2.8 GENERAL
 Everyone in the unit will easily
understand a correctly delivered
command. Correct commands have a
tone, cadence, and snap that demands
willing, correct, and immediate response.
 2.9 VOICE CONTROL
a. The loudness of a command is adjusted to the
number of soldiers in the unit. Normally, the
commander is in the front and at the center of
the unit and speaks facing the unit so that his
voice reaches everyone.
b. It is necessary for the voice to have carrying
power, but excessive exertion is unnecessary
and harmful. A typical result of trying too hard
is the almost unconscious tightening of the
neck muscles to force the sound out. This
produces strain, hoarseness, sore throat and
worst of all, indistinct and jumbled sounds
instead of clear commands. Ease is achieved
through good posture, confidence, proper
breathing and correct adjustment of throat and
 VOICE CONTROL Cont.
c. The best posture for giving commands is the
position of attention. Soldiers in formation are
prone to adopt the posture of their leader. If the
posture is unmilitary (relaxed, slouched, stiff or
uneasy), the subordinates will imitate it.
d. The most important muscle used in breathing is
the diaphragm - the large muscle that
separates the chest cavity from the abdominal
cavity. The diaphragm automatically controls
normal breathing and is used to control the
breath in giving commands.
e. The throat, mouth and nose act as amplifiers
and help to give loudness (resonance) and
projection to the voice.
 2.10 DISTINCTIVENESS
a. Distinctiveness depends on the correct use of the
tongue, lips and teeth that form the separate
sounds of a word into syllables. Distinct
commands are effective. Indistinct commands
cause confusion. All commands can be
pronounced correctly without loss of effect.
Emphasize correct enunciation (distinctiveness)
and enunciate clearly making full use of the lips,
tongue and lower jaw.
b. To develop the ability to give clear and distinct
commands, practice giving commands slowly and
carefully, prolonging the syllables. Then gradually
increase the rate of delivery to develop proper
cadence, still articulating each syllable distinctly.
 2.11 INFLECTION
 Inflection is the rise and fall in pitch and the
tone changes of voice.
a. The preparatory command is the command
that indicates movement. Pronounce each
preparatory command with a rising inflection.
The most desirable pitch when beginning a
preparatory command is near the level of the
natural speaking voice. It is possible to give the
command execution with clarity or without
strain. It is good to remember to begin a
command near the natural pitch of the voice.
b. The command of execution is the command
that indicates when a movement is to be
executed. Give it in a sharper tone and in a
slightly higher pitch than the last syllable of the
preparatory command. It must be given with
plenty of snap. The best way to develop a
 INFLECTION Cont.
 In combined commands such as
HUMANAY (FALL IN) and TIWALAG
(FALL OUT), the preparatory command
and command of execution are
combined. Give these commands
without inflection and with the uniform
high pitch and loudness of a normal
command of execution.
 2.12 CADENCE
 Cadence in commands means a uniform and rhythmic
flow of words. The interval between commands must
be uniform in length for any given troop unit. This is
necessary so that everyone in the unit will be able to
understand the preparatory command and will know
when to expect the command of execution. For the
squad or platoon in marching, except when
supplementary commands need to be given, the
interval of time is that which allows one step (or
count) between the preparatory command and the
command of execution. The same interval is used for
commands given at halt. Longer commands, such as
KANANG PANIG, KAD (RIGHT FLANK MARCH), must
be started in such a way that the preparatory
command will end on the proper foot, and leave a full
count between the preparatory command and the
command of execution.
 CADENCE Cont.
 When the supplementary commands
are necessary, the commander should
allow for one count between the
preparatory command and the
subordinate leaders’ supplementary
command, and an additional count after
the subordinate command but before
the command of execution.
“Maintain discipline and caution above all things,
and be on the alert to obey the word of command.
It is both the noblest and the safest thing for a
great army to be visibly animated by one spirit.” –
Archidamus of Sparta
 3.1 GENERAL
a. This chapter contains most of the
individual positions and stationary
movements required in drills. These
positions and the correct execution of
the movement in every detail should be
learned before proceeding to other drill
movements.
b. Movements are initiated from the
position of attention. However, some
rest movement may be executed from
other rest positions.
3.2 POSITION OF ATTENTION
POSITION OF ATTENTION Cont.
a. In coming to attention, bring your heels
together smartly on the same line. Hold
them as near each other as the
conformation of your body permits.
b. Turn your feet out equally, forming an
angle of 45 degrees.
c. Keep your knees straight without
stiffness.
d. Hold your hips level, your body erect,
your chest lifted and arched, your
shoulders square and even.
 POSITION OF ATTENTION
Cont.
f. Let your arms hang straight down without
stiffness, thumbs along the seams of your
trousers. Hold the back of your hands out,
with the fingers held naturally so that the
thumbs rest along the tip of the forefingers.
g. Keep your head erect and squarely to the
front, your chin drawn in so that the axis of
your head and neck is vertical. Look straight
to the front (about 30 yards ahead).
h. Rest the weight of your body equally on the
heels and the balls of your feet.
i. Remain silent and do not move unless
otherwise directed
 3.3 REST POSITION AT THE
a. Parade Rest HALT
 a. Parade Rest Cont.
 The command is TIKAS, PAHINGA. On the
preparatory command, TIKAS, shift the weight of your
body to the right leg without noticeable movement. On
the command of execution, PAHINGA, and at the
count of one, move the left foot smartly twelve inches
to the left of the right foot. The 12 inches are
measured from the inside of the left heel to the inside
of the right heel. The legs remain straight without
stiffness, allowing the body weight to rest equally on
both legs. At the same time the left foot is moved,
clasped behind the back. The left hand is placed at the
small of the back, just below the belt, and the right
hand is placed inside the left. The thumb of the right
hand interlocks the thumb of the left hand. All the
fingers are extended and joined and the palms are to
the rear. The elbows shall be in line with the body.
Silence and immobility are required. The only
command is TILAP/PULUTONG or BALANGAY, DA.
On the command of execution, DA, smartly bring the
left heel against the right heel and, at the same time,
drop the arms to the sides and assume the position of
 b. Stand at Ease
 The command for this movement is
TINDIG PALUWAG. On the command of
execution PALUWAG, execute PARADE
REST, but turn the head and eyes
directly toward the person in charge of
the formation. AT EASE or REST may be
executed from this position.
c. At Ease
 c. At Ease Cont.
 The command for this movement is
PALUWAG. On the command
PALUWAG, the soldier may move,
however, he must remain standing and
silent with his right foot in place.
PAHINGA may be executed from this
position.
 d. Rest
 The command for this movement is
PAHINGA. On the command PAHINGA,
the soldier may move or talk, keeping his
right foot in place, unless otherwise
directed. At ease may be executed from
this position.
 e. Fall Out
1) At the command TIWALAG, you may leave
the ranks but you are required to remain in
the immediate area. You resume your former
place at attention in ranks at the command
HUMANAY.
2) Being at any of the rests except TIWALAG, to
resume the position of attention the command
is – TILAP, HUMANDA. At the command
TILAP take the position of parade rest. At the
command of HUMANDA, take the position of
attention. TINDIG PALUWAG, PALUWAG
and PAHINGA can also be executed from the
position of attention.
 3.4 DISMISS
 Atthe command LUMANSAG, the troops
shall execute about face and leave the
immediate vicinity, unless instructed
otherwise.
 3.5 EYES RIGHT
a. Used as a courtesy to reviewing officers and
dignitaries during parades and ceremonies. It is a one-
count movement and the command is given while
halted at attention or marching at quick time. The
commands are HANDA TINGIN SA KANAN
(KALIWA), NA and HANDA, RAP.
b. Assume you are halted at attention. Upon the
approach of the reviewing officer, the unit leader
commands, HANDA TINGIN SA KANAN. On the
command of execution, NA, and at the count of one,
all members of the formation smartly turn their heads
45 degrees to the right. The shoulders remain square
to the front. There is no command to terminate this
movement. When the reviewing officer comes into
your line of vision, you will follow his movement with
your head and eyes until they are straight to the front.
At this time the movement is terminated, and you
remain at the position of attention until given another
 3.6 FACING AT THE
a.
HALT
Facing to the flank is a two-count
movement. The command is HARAP SA
KANAN (KALIWA), RAP. On the
command of execution, RAP slightly raise
the right heel and left toe, and turn 90
degrees to the left on the left heel,
assisted by a slight pressure on the ball of
the right foot. Keep the left leg straight
without stiffness and allow the right leg to
bend naturally. On the second count,
place the right foot beside the left foot,
resuming the position of attention. Arms
remain at the sides, as in the position of
attention, throughout this movement.
FACING AT THE HALT
Cont.
 FACING AT THE HALT Cont.
b. Facing to the rear is a two-count movement.
The command is HARAP SA LIKOD, RAP. On
the command of execution RAP, move the toe
of the right foot to a point touching the
marching surface about half the length of the
foot to the rear and slightly to the left heel.
Rest most of the weight of the body on the
heel of the left foot and allow the right knee to
bend naturally. On the second count, turn to
the right 180 degrees on the left heel and ball
of the right foot, resuming the position of
attention. Arms remain at the sides, as in the
position of attention, throughout this
3.7 HAND SALUTE
 HAND SALUTE Cont.
a. The hand salute is a one-count movement. The
command is PUGAY KAMAY, NA, when
wearing a headgear with visor (with or without
glasses). On the command of execution NA,
raise the right hand sharply, fingers and thumb
extended and joined, palm facing down, and
place the tip of the right forefinger on the rim
of the visor slightly to the right of the right eye.
The outer edge of the hand is barely downward
so that neither the back of the hand nor the
palm is clearly visible from the front. The hand
and the wrist should be straight, the elbow
inclined slightly forward, and the upper arm is
horizontal to the ground with your forearm
 HAND SALUTE Cont.
b. When wearing a headgear without a visor (or
uncovered) and not wearing glasses, execute the
hand salute in the same manner as previously
described in sub-paragraph a, while touching the tip
of the forefinger to the forehead to that point on the
glasses where the temple frame meets the right edge
of the right eye brow.
c. When wearing a headgear without a visor (or
uncovered) and wearing glasses, execute the hand in
the same manner as described in sub-paragraph a,
while touching the tip of the right forefinger to that
point on the glasses where the temple piece of the
frame meets the right edge of the right eye brow.
d. Order Arms from the hand salute is a one-count
movement. The command is BABA, KAMAY, NA. On
the command of execution NA, return the hand
sharply to the side resuming the position of attention.
HAND SALUTE Cont.
 HAND SALUTE Cont.
e. When the rifle is slung to the right shoulder, the
left hand shall automatically hold the sling of the
rifle across the body then execute the hand
salute in the same manner as described in
sub-paragraph a.
f. When carrying a rifle, salute can be done either
in the position of Attention or while in Right
Shoulder Arms. When executing Order Arms,
raise the rifle at least three (3) inches above the
ground. Then execute sharply the salute by
touching the muzzle of the rifle with the left
hand. When executing at Right Shoulder Arms,
just follow the same sequence in the former but
now touching the rear sight knob of the rifle.
 3.8 REMOVE/RETURN
HEADGEAR
a. To remove a headgear is a two-count
movement. The command is ALIS
KUPYA, NA. On the last note of the
preparatory command ALIS KUPYA,
hold your visor with your right hand
(with your left hand if under arms)
including the chinstrap if making use of
it. At the command of execution NA,
remove the headgear from your head
and bring the cap to your side.
REMOVE/RETURN HEADGEAR
Cont.
 REMOVE/RETURN HEADGEAR
Cont.
b. In returning the headgear, the command
is BALIK KUPYA, NA. On the last note
of the preparatory command BALIK
KUPYA, place the headgear on your
head (if making use of a chin strap, fix
the strap in your chin and hold your
visor again) holding your visor. At the
command of execution NA, bring down
your hand smartly to the position of
Order Arms/Attention.
REMOVE/RETURN HEADGEAR
Cont.
 3.9 GENERAL
a. This section contains all the steps in marching
of the individual soldier. These steps should be
learned thoroughly before proceeding to unit
drill.
b. All marching movements executed from the
halt are initiated from the position of Attention.
c. Except for route step march and at ease
march, all movements are executed while
marching at attention. Marching at attention is
the combination of the position of Attention
and the procedures for the prescribed step
executed simultaneously.
d. When executed from the halt, all steps except
right step begin with the left foot.
 GENERAL Cont.
e. For short-distance marching movements, the
commander may designate the number of steps
forward, backward, or sideward by giving the
appropriate command:
ISANG HAKBANG PAKANAN, KAD or
DALAWANG HAKBANG PASULONG
(PAURONG), KAD. On the command of
execution KAD, step off with the appropriate
foot, and halt automatically after completing the
number of steps designated. Unless otherwise
specified, when directed to execute steps
forward, the steps will be 30-inch steps.
f. All marching movements are executed in the
cadence of quick time (120 steps per minute),
except the 36-inch step, which may be executed
in the cadence of 180 steps per minute on the
command TAKBONG HAKBANG, KAD.
 GENERAL Cont.
g. A step is the prescribed distance measured
from heel to heel of a marching soldier.
h. All 15-inch steps are executed for a short
distance only.
i. Both the preparatory command and the
command of execution are given as the foot in
the direction of the turn strikes the ground.
Normally, for a unit not larger than a squad or
platoon, the preparatory command is given as
your left (or right) foot strikes the ground and
the command of execution is given when your
left (or right) foot next strikes the ground. For
units larger than a platoon, time is allowed for
the unit leaders to repeat the preparatory
command.
 3.10 THE 30-INCH STEP
(QUICK TIME)
a. To march with a 30-inch step from the halt,
the command is PASULONG, KAD. On the
preparatory command PASULONG, shift the
weight of the body to the right foot without
noticeable movement. On the command of
execution KAD, step forward 30 inches with
the left foot and continue marching with 30-
inch steps, keeping the head and eyes fixed to
the front. The arms swing in natural motion,
without exaggeration and without bending at
the elbows, approximately
6 inches straight to the front and 3 inches stra
ight to the rear
of the trouser seams, knuckles out facing
forward, fingers formed into a fist with the
 THE 30-INCH STEP (QUICK
TIME) Cont.
b. In halt while marching, the command TILAP
(PULUTONG), HINTO shall be given. The
preparatory command TILAP (PULUTONG) is
given as either foot strikes the marching
surface as long as the command of execution
TO is given the next time that foot strikes the
marching surface. The halt is executed in two
counts. After HINTO is commanded, execute
the additional step required after the
command of execution and then bring the trail
foot alongside the lead foot, assuming the
position of Attention and terminating the
movement.
 THE 30-INCH STEP (QUICK
TIME) Cont.
c. Quick Time from Double Time
 Assume you are marching forward at double time and
you receive the command, SIGLANG HAKBANG,
KAD. The command of execution may be given as
either foot strikes the deck. The command will be given
as the left foot strikes the deck. On the command of
execution, KAD, your next step will be a 30-inch step
to the front with your left foot (step). Thirty (30) inches
are measured from the rear of your left heel to the rear
of your right heel. At the same time you will decrease
the cadence to 120 steps per minute, and lower your
arms to the quick time position. You will continue to
march, taking 120, 30-inch steps per minute, swinging
your arms
6 inches straight to the front and 3 inches straight to th
e rear
of the trouser seams. Knuckles out facing forward and
fingers formed into a fist with the thumb over the
 3.11 CHANGE STEP
 Tochange step while marching, the
command PALIT HAKBANG, KAD is given
as the right foot strikes the marching
surface. On the command of execution
KAD, take one more step with the left
foot, clip your arms on your side, then in
one count, place the right toe near the
heel of the left foot and step off again
with the left foot. The arms shall swing
naturally after execution.
 3.12 TO MARCH AT REST
 At Ease March
 The command PALUWAG, KAD is given
as either foot strikes the marching
surface. On the command of execution
KAD, the soldier is no longer required to
retain cadence; however, silence and the
approximate interval and distance are
maintained. SIGLANG HAKBANG, KAD
and LAYANG HAKBANG, KAD are the
only commands that can be given while
marching at ease.
 3.13 HALF STEP MARCH (15-
Inch Step)
a. To march with a 15-inch step from the halt, the
command is HATING HAKBANG, KAD. On the
preparatory command, HATING HAKBANG, shift
the weight of the body to the right foot without
noticeable movement. On the command of
execution KAD, step forward 15 inches with the
left foot and continue marching within 15-inch
steps. The arms swing while marching with a 30-
inch step.
b. To alter the march to a 15-inch step while
marching with a 30-inch step, the command is
HATING HAKBANG, KAD. This command may be
given as either foot strikes the marching
surface. On the command of execution KAD,
take one more 30-inch step and then begin
marching with a 15-inch step. The arms shall be
clipped on the sides while marching the 15-inch
 3.13 HALF STEP MARCH (15-
Inch Step)
 To resume marching with a 30-inch step, the
command PASULONG, KAD is given as either
foot strikes the marching surface. On the
command of execution KAD, take one more 15-
inch and then begin marching with a 30-inch step.
 The halt while marching at the half step is
executed in two counts, the same as the halt from
the 30-inch step.
 While marching at the half step the only
commands that may be given are: PATAKDA,
KAD; PASULONG, KAD; PADALANG, KAD; and
TILAP / PULUTONG / BALANGAY / TALUPAD,
TO.
 3.14 MARCHING IN PLACE
a. To march in place, the command
PATAKDA, KAD is given as either foot strikes
the marching surface and only while marching
with a 30-inch step forward. On the command
of execution, KAD, take one more step, bring
the trailing foot alongside the leading foot,
and begin to march in place. Raise each foot
(alternately) 30-inch off the marching surface
and keep the arms at the sides as in the
position of Attention.
b. To resume marching with a 30-inch step, the
command PASULONG, KAD is given as either
foot strikes the marching surface. On the
command of execution KAD, take one more
step in place and then step off with a 30-inch
 MARCHING IN PLACE Cont.
c. Mark Time from Double Time in Place
 Assume you are double-timing in place and you
receive the command, PATAKDA, KAD. The
command of execution may be given as either
foot strikes the deck. For the purpose of
demonstration, I will give the command as the
left foot strikes the deck. On the command of
execution, KAD, your next step will be one
more six-inch vertical step in place with your
right foot (step). Your next step will be a two-
inch vertical step in place with your left foot to
the deck. At the same time, reduce the
cadence to 120 steps per minute and lower the
arms to the quick time position. You shall
continue marching in place, take 120- two-inch
 MARCHING IN PLACE
Cont.
d. The halt from mark time is
executed in two counts, basically
the same as the halt from the 30-
inch step.
3.15 SIDE STEP (RIGHT/LEFT)
 To march with a 15-inch step right (left), the
command is HAKBANG PAKANAN
(PAKALIWA), KAD. The command is given
only while at the halt. On the preparatory
command of HAKBANG PAKANAN
(PAKALIWA), shift the weight of the body
without noticeable movement onto the left
(right) foot. On the command of execution
KAD, bend the right knee slightly and raise the
right foot only high enough to allow freedom of
movement. Place the right foot 15 inches to
the right of the left foot, and then move the left
foot (keeping the left leg straight) alongside
the right foot as in the position of Attention.
Continue this movement, keeping the arms at
 SIDE STEP (RIGHT/LEFT)
b.
Cont.
To halt when executing right or left step,
the command is TILAP (PULUTONG),
TO. This movement is executed in two
counts. The preparatory command is
given when the heels are together. The
command of execution TO is given the
next time the heels are together. On the
command of execution TO, take one
more step with the lead foot and then
place the trailing foot alongside the lead
foot, resuming the position of Attention.
 3.16 BACKWARD MARCH
a. To march with a 15-inch step backward,
the command is PAURONG, KAD . The
command is given only while at halt. On
the preparatory command PAURONG,
shift the weight of the body without
noticeable movement onto the right foot.
On the command of execution KAD, take
a 15-inch step backward with the left foot
and continue marching backward with 15-
inch steps. Arms are clipped on the side
while executing backward march.
b. The halt from backward march is
executed in two counts, basically the
same as the halt from the 30-inch step.
3.17 DOUBLE TIME MARCH
a. To march in the cadence of 180 steps per minute with
a 30-inch step, the command is TAKBONG
HAKBANG, KAD. It may be commanded while at the
halt or while marching at quick time with a 30-inch
step.
b. When at halt and the preparatory command
TAKBONG HAKBANG is given, shift the weight of the
body to the right foot without noticeable movement.
On the command of execution KAD, raise the
forearms to a horizontal position, with the fingers and
thumb closed, knuckles out, simultaneously step off
with the left foot. Continue to march with 30-inch
steps at the cadence of double time. The arms swing
naturally to the front and rear with the forearms kept
horizontal (when armed soldiers come to Port Arms on
receiving the preparatory command TAKBONG
HAKBANG). Guides, when at Sling Arms will double
time with their weapons at Sling Arms upon receiving
the directive “MGA GABAY SUMALUNAN” (GUIDES
 DOUBLE TIME MARCH
c.
Cont.
When marching with a 30-inch step in the
cadence of quick time, the command TAKBONG
HAKBANG, KAD is given as either foot strikes
the marching surface. On the command of
execution KAD, take one more 30-inch step at
quick time and step off with the trailing foot,
double timing as previously described.
d. To resume marching with a 30-inch step at
quick time, the command SIGLANG HAKBANG,
KAD is given as either foot strikes the marching
surface. On the command of execution KAD,
take two more 30-inch steps at double time,
lower the arms to the sides, and resume
marching with a 30-inch step at quick time.
 DOUBLE TIME MARCH
Cont.
e. When you are marking time and you receive the
command TAKBONG HAKBANG, KAD, the
command of execution may be given as either
foot strikes the deck. To demonstrate, the
command is given as the left foot strikes the
deck. On the command of execution, KAD, your
step will be one more two–inch vertical step in
place with your right foot (Step). Your next step
will be a 36-inch step to the front with your left
foot (Step). Thirty-six inches are measured from
the rear of your left heel to the rear of your right
heel. At the same time, increase the cadence to
180 steps per minute and raise the forearms to a
horizontal position along the waistline, fingers
closed, knuckles out. You will continue to march,
taking 180, 36-inch steps per minute, swinging
your arms in their natural arc across the front of
 DOUBLE TIME MARCH Cont.
f. When you are double-timing in place and you
receive the command, TAKBONG HAKBANG,
KAD, the command of execution may be
given as either foot strikes the deck. For the
purpose of demonstration, the command will
be given as the left foot strikes the deck. On
the command of execution, KAD, your next
step will be one more six-inch vertical step in
place with your right foot (step). Your next
step will be a 36-inch step to the place with
your left foot (Step). Thirty-six inches shall be
measured from the rear of your left heel to
the rear of your right heel. You will continue to
march, taking 180 36-inch steps per minute,
swinging your arms naturally across the front
of your body, until given another command.
 3.18 TO FACE IN
a. Face to the MARCHING
Right as in Marching
 Assume you are halted at attention and you
receive the command, LIKO SA KANAN,
KAD. On the preparatory command, LIKO SA
KANAN, shift the weight of your body to the
left leg without noticeable movement. On the
command of execution KAD, face 90 degrees
to the right by pivoting on the ball of the left
foot, at the same time taking a 30-inch step in
the new direction with the right foot, swinging
your arms in their natural arc,
six inches to the front and three inches to the
rear
of your legs, but allow them to swing away
from the body (Step). You will continue to
march, taking 120, 30-inch steps per minute,
swinging your arms 6 inches to the front and 3
inches to the rear of your legs, until given
 TO FACE IN MARCHING
Cont.
b. Face to the Left as in Marching
 Assume you are halted at attention and you
receive the command, LIKO SA KALIWA, KAD.
On the preparatory command shift the weight of
your body to the right leg without noticeable
movement. On the command of execution, KAD,
face 90 degrees to the left by pivoting on the
ball of the right foot, at the same time taking a
30-inch step in the new direction with the left
foot, swinging your arms in their natural arc,
six inches to the front and three inches to the re
ar
of your legs, not allowing them to swing away
from the body (Step). You will continue to
march, taking 120, 30-inch step per minute,
swinging your arms 6 inches to the front and 3
inches to the rear of your legs until given
 3.19 TO MARCH BY THE
FLANK
 While marching, the command is
KANANG (KALIWANG) PANIG,
KAD. At the command KAD, strike
the given foot on the ground,
advance and plant your left (or right)
foot; then face to the right (or left) in
marching and step off in the new
direction on your right (or left) foot.
3.20 TO MARCH TO THE REAR
a. While Marching Forward at Quick Time
 Assume you are marching forward at quick time
and you receive the command, PABALIK, KAD.
The command of execution will be given as the
right foot strikes the deck, as this involves
movement to the right. On the command of
execution, KAD, your next step shall be to place
your left foot approximately 30 inches and
directly in front of your right foot (Step). Your
next step shall be to face 180 degrees to the
right about by pivoting on the balls of both feet
(Step). The legs remain straight without stiffness
and the arms continue their natural swing, but
not allowing it to swing wide from the body. Your
next step, without loss of cadence, will be a 30-
inch step in the new direction (Step). You shall
continue to march quick time, until given
another command.
 TO MARCH TO THE REAR
b. While Marching Cont.
Forward at Double Time
 Assume you are marching forward at double
time and receive the command, PABALIK, KAD.
The command of execution will be given as the
right foot strikes the deck, as this involves a
movement to the right. On the command of
execution, KAD, your next steps will be two 36-
inch steps to the front (Step, Step). Your next
steps shall be four six-inch vertical alternating
steps in place, at the same time turning 180
degrees to the right about (Step, Step, Step, and
Step). The arms shall continue their natural
swing, but shall not be allowed to swing away
from the body. Your next, without loss of
cadence, will be a 36-inch step in the new
direction with your left foot (Step). You will
continue to march at double time cadence until
given another command.
 3.21 EYES RIGHT/LEFT WHILE
a. While marching atMARCHING
quick time, the unit leader
commands HANDA TINGIN SA KANAN, NA when he is
six paces away from the reviewing officer. The
command of execution should be given as the right foot
strikes the deck, as this is a movement to the right. On
the command of execution, NA, and for the count of
one, your next step will be a 30-inch step to the front
with your left foot. At the same time, all files, except the
right file, will smartly turn their head and eyes 45
degrees to the right (Step). The shoulders remain
square to the front. The members of the right file will
keep their heads and eyes to the front. You shall
continue to march until given the next command. The
command to terminate this movement is HANDA,
HARAP. The command of execution is given when the
last rank is six paces beyond the reviewing officer, and
as the left foot strikes the deck, as this involves a
movement to the left. On the command of execution,
HARAP, your next step is a 30-inch step to the front
with your right foot. At the same time, all men who have
executed eyes right will then turn their heads and eyes
to the front (Step). You shall continue to march until
 EYES RIGHT/LEFT WHILE
MARCHING
b. Eyes Left: The movement of eyes left may only be
executed while marching and is normally done during street
parades, when the reviewing stand is on the left. While
marching at quick time, the unit leader gives the command
when he is six paces away from the reviewing officer. The
command of execution is given as the left foot strikes the
deck, as this involves a movement to the left. On the
command of execution, NA, and the count of one, your
next step will be a 30-inch step to the front with your right
foot. At the same time, all files except the left file will
smartly turn their heads and eyes 45 degrees to the left
(Step). The shoulders remain square to the front. The
members of the left file will keep their heads and eyes to
the front. You shall continue to march until given the next
command. The command to terminate this movement is
HANDA, HARAP. The command of execution is given
when the last rank has moved six paces, as this involves a
movement to the right. On the command of execution,
HARAP, your next step is a 30-inch step to the front with
your left foot. At the same time, all files that have executed
eyes left will smartly turn their head and eyes to the front
(Step). You shall continue marching until given another
 3.22 STAFF BEHIND THE
COMMANDER
 To make a staff move to the rear of a
commander, the command is
KALUPUNAN, SUMALIKOD KO, KAD. The
movement is executed in 9 counts for 2 or 3
men staff, 11 for 4 men staff, 13 for 5 man staff,
and 15 for 6 men staff.
 At the command KAD, all members of the staff
execute right face, then the first man faces to
the left and marches 4 steps, column left and
halts on the prescribed last count. All members
shall march forward and follow the first man
turning at the same pivot made by the first man.
 All members halt in the designated count and
face left altogether automatically facing the new
STAFF BEHIND THE
COMMANDER Cont.
SECTION I
REVIEWS
 1.1 DEFINITION
 A review is an inspection of troops by
a high officer or honored guest as a way
of showing its troops’ unit strength, state
of discipline and preparedness.
 1.2 HISTORICAL
 BACKGROUND
Reviews in the Armed Forces of the
Philippines were patterned after the United
States Army’s. This is due to the fact that the
Americans greatly influenced the Philippine
government’s educational system and the
military during their occupation of the country
right after the Spanish regime.
 US military reviews were outlined in the
Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the
troops of the United States commonly known as
the Blue Book written in 1779 by Baron Friedrich
von Steuben, a former Prussian Officer under
Frederick the Great. He was commissioned by
General George Washington to develop the
revolutionary forces into a well-organized and
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 Cont.
The origin of military reviews may be traced
back to as early as the Middle Ages when rulers
were likely to have military ceremonies as a
way of showing strength.
 At the turn of the century, armies all over
the world began adopting the regimental
system. Regiments were assigned a specific
color or number for easy identification and
positioning on the battlefield. In battle, the
color (flag) party marched in front and center of
its unit as a point for the unit to dress on. Since
victories in those days were expressed in terms
of the number of enemy colors captured, the
color party was the logical priority target and
thus suffered heavy casualties.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Cont.
In the US Army, the Colors have been historically
placed in the center of the formation and considered to
be part of the company on the immediate right of the
Colors. This company is still called the Color Unit.
 Musical elements (usually drums and fifes, and
sometimes a band) were used during actual battle and
marched 12 to 15 paces to the rear of the formation. By
1892, US infantry drill regulation posted bands and field
music on the right of the formation or at the head of
the formation when it moved in column.
 Today, the presence of the Colors at the center of
the formation represents their presence in the old days
at the forefront of the unit during the heat of battle. On
the other hand, the presence of the band represents
the significant role that the drum, fife and other musical
instruments have played throughout military history for
signaling in camp or on the battlefield.
 1.3 PURPOSE
 Reviews are often mistaken to be the same
as parades. While features are similar, these
are two distinct ceremonies although the
combination of the two is normally practiced.
A review is a military ceremony used to:
1. Honor a visiting high-ranking commander,
officials, or dignitary and/or permit them to
observe the state of training of a unit.
2. Present decorations and awards.
3. Honor or recognize unit or individual
achievements.
4. Commemorate events.
 It is more fitting therefore to entitle a program
“ A Review in Honor of ________” or “A Review
in Commemoration of _______” instead of
calling it a parade and review when actually
 1.4 GENERAL
 Normally, a review is conducted with a
battalion-size or larger troop unit. However, a
composite or representative element
consisting of two or more platoons may serve
the same purpose. A review consists of the
following steps in sequence:
a. Formation of troops.
b. Presentation of Command and Honors.
c. Inspection.
d. Honors to the Nation.
e. Remarks.
f. Pass-in-Review.
g. Conclusion.
 Note: The review stage may be omitted for
decorations, awards, or individual recognition
 GENERAL Cont.
 Other ceremonial activities or combinations
thereof, those maybe incorporated within a framework
of review are:

1. Review with decorations, awards and individual

recognition ceremonies.
2. Review with change of command, activation, or de-
activation of units.
3. Review with retreat.
4. Review with retreat and retirement, decorations,
and awards.
5. Review with retreat and change of command,
activation, or de-activation of units.
6. Review and parade with all of the above
combinations.
 GENERAL Cont.
 To enable himself to review his own command
with a visiting Reviewing Officer (RO), a
commander normally designates an Officer of his
command as Troop Commander (TC). The TC is
responsible for the preparation of the troops for
the review.
 Any of the formations described for the
Battalion or Brigade may be used. The following
are the three recommended formations for
conducting a review:
a. Battalion Formation with Companies in
Line (Figure 1). The Battalion is composed of a
minimum of two (2) Companies with three (3)
Figure 1: Battalion Formation with Companies in
Line
Note: Arrow points from the last element to the
guide of the next platoon
 GENERAL Cont.
 b. Brigade Formation with
Battalions in Line (Figure 2). The
Brigade is composed of a minimum
of two (2) Battalions with three (3)
Companies each. However, a
minimum of two (2) Companies per
Battalion is recommended, provided
that the Companies are always
composed of three (3) Platoons each.
 Figure 2: Brigade
Formation with Battalions
in Line
 GENERAL Cont.

 c. Division Formation with Brigades

in Line, Battalions in Mass (Figure 3).
The same composition as in Figure 2. The
participation of the saluting battery
should be considered as part of the
formation whenever possible by the
space available.
 Figure 3: Division Formation with
Brigades in Line, Battalions in Mass
 The formation selected is determined
by the space available and other desires
of the commander. Commanders may
alter the formation or prescribed
distances to meet local situations. Each
unit should be sized uniformly with the
tallest men in front and on the right.
Commanders should not cause the leaders
to change positions because of their size.
Officers and other key non-commissioned
officers, including squad leaders and other
equivalent by virtue of their rank and time
in service, should participate in their
deserved positions of dignity.
 If possible, the Distinguished
Guest/Reviewing Officer (DG/RO) should
arrive at his post (Figure
( 4) after the staff
of the TC has reversed and the TC has
faced the reviewing stand. Upon arrival,
the DG/RO shall immediately take his
post and refrain from greeting
distinguished spectators until after the
review has terminated.
 The DG/RO, Military Host (MH), and
distinguished persons invited to attend
the review (but not themselves receiving
the review), take position facing the
Figure 4: Reviewing Officer
Party
 When a ceremony is conducted for an
individual junior in rank to the MH, the
junior takes a position to the left of the
MH unless the MH yields the post of
honor to him. Normally, the honor
position is the position on the right and is
the DG/RO’s post, The MH gives the
appropriate directive to the TC:
IHANDOG ANG PAMUNUAN (PRESENT
THE TROOPS) to start the conduct of the
review. (This arrangement will not hold
true if the guests and host are seated at
the grandstand. The protocol on seating
arrangement shall be followed).
 When a civilian or foreign dignitary
receives the review, he takes the honor
position to the right of the MH. The MH
returns all salutes when, in his judgment, it
would be more appropriate. As a courtesy,
the MH should cue the dignitary and
inconspicuously explain the procedures
during the conduct of the ceremony. The
position in which the flags are displayed at
the rear of the reviewing party corresponds
to the position taken by the individual in the
front rank of the reviewing party.
 When a ceremony is conducted honoring
a foreign official or dignitary entitled to
honors, equivalent honors (salutes) are
rendered.
 NOTE: If the honors of the dignitary
include his or her nation’s anthem, the
honors are played in the following order:
four ruffles and flourishes, the foreign
anthem, an approximate three-second
drum rolls, and the Philippine National
Anthem.
 When the ceremony includes
decorations, awards, or retirements, the
MH should be senior in rank or position to
the highest-ranking individual being
honored.
 An officer from local staff (usually SGS
or OG3) is designated to escort and brief
the members of the reviewing party and to
 Since all situations or eventualities
relative to various services or units
(military academies, special honor
guards, regular AFP units, reserve
components, Reserve Officer Training
Corps, and training commands/ centers
cannot be foreseen) commanders can
make minor changes to stated
procedures. However, with a view
towards preserving the AFP tradition and
maintaining consistency, “THEY
SHOULD NOT ALTER NOR MODIFY
THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OTHER
THAN STATED”.
 1.5 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
AND INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS
a. REVIEW (STANDARD)
1) FORMATION OF TROOPS.
a) As soon as the troops are ready, the Troop
Adjutant (TA) (from his position near the band)
directs IHUDYAT ANG PAGHANDA. The band
immediately sounds ATTENTION CALL to signal
the start of the ceremony.
b) Upon hearing the ATTENTION CALL, all Battalion
Commanders (BCs) face about, bring their units
to attention and right shoulder arms, then face
front.
c) The TA again directs IHUDYAT ANG TAWAG
ADYUTANTE. The band sounds the ADJUTANT’S
CALL, immediately followed by March music.
d) The BCs give PASULONG, KAD, the troops
follow the route in Figure 5.
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS AND
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS Cont.
 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS AND
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS Cont.
e) When the Companies are already
perpendicular with their markers, the
BCs command KALIWANG PANIG,
KAD. Platoon guides go to Port Arms
then move in front of their respective
markers in double time facing the
Adjutant. Upon reaching their position,
they halt at predetermined number of
steps then execute Order Arms. When
the platoons are already at their
markers, BCs command TALUPAD, TO.
Figure 5: Preparation for
Review
 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS AND
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS Cont.
 (Note: Entrance of troops is optional. The review may
start with the troops already in position in front of the
Reviewing Officer. In which case, Attention Call shall
be sounded to signal the start of the ceremony. The
Troop Adjutant commands MGA GABAY
SUMAHANAY NA, then follow the sequence starting
from f).
f) The TA designates the Alpha Company as the base
company “A” BALANGAY then positions himself
midway between the line of troops and the TC.
g) At the last note of “A” Balangay, the BCs
simultaneously order: TUNTON SA KANAN. This
means that all Companies will align with the base
company.
h) The Company Commanders (CC) simultaneously face
about then order: TUNTON SA KANAN.
 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS AND
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS Cont.
i) The Platoon Leaders (PL) simultaneously face about
and command: TUNTON SA KANAN, NA. After
which, they face to the half left (except the last PL who
faces to the half right) and march directly and align at
the right of the first Squad Leader (last element of the
first squad, for the last PL) counting thirteen (13) steps
(close with the 14th step).
j) The PLs align facing the TA former position then face
about immediately after closing on the 14th step,
except the last PL who remains facing the TA’s former
position.
k) Immediately, the first PL orders: TATAG, followed by
the second PL up to the last PL who prolongs the word.
The PL aligns the platoon by taking short steps to the
right or left as necessary to see down the squad.
l) After giving the prolonged order TATAG, the last PL
executes two (2) left steps as visual reference for the
other PLs. Continuously, he will return to his former
position by executing two (2) right steps.
 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS AND
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS Cont.
m) After the last PL has executed the two (2) right steps,
the other PLs simultaneously execute left face (right
face for the last PL) and march five (5) half steps
(closes on the sixth half step) then face the second
squad.
n) Immediately, the first PL orders: TATAG, followed by
the second PL up to the last PL who prolongs the word.
o) After the prolonged order TATAG, all PLs
simultaneously execute left face (right face for the last
PL) and march five (5) half steps (closes on the sixth
half step) then face the last squad.
p) Immediately, the first PL orders: TATAG, followed by
the second PL up to the last PL who prolongs the word.
q) After giving the prolonged order TATAG, the last PL
executes two (2) right steps as visual reference for the
other PLs. Continuously, he will return to his former
position by executing two (2) left steps
 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS AND
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS Cont.
r) After the last PL has executed the two (2) left steps, the
other PLs simultaneously execute right face (left face for
the last PL) and march five (5) steps (close on the sixth
step) toward the front edge of the platoon, approximately
two (2) steps forward of the platoon, then face down the
line
s) Simultaneously, all PLs command: HANDA, RAP, then
march forward toward the center of the platoon counting
five (5) steps and execute right turn towards his position
closing on the fourteenth step (approximately six steps
from the elements).
t) The CC followed by the BC then faces front.
u) The TA now directs: MGA GABAY SUMALUNAN.
v) The BC commands: MGA GABAY SUMALUNAN, KAD,
then faces front.
w) TA reports to TC: Ginoo, handa na po ang talupad.
x) TC acknowledges the salute and says: “SUMALUNAN KA”.
y) As soon as the TA is posted, the TC commands:
“KALUPUNAN SUMALIKOD KO, KAD”.
 2) PRESENTATION OF COMMAND AND
HONORS.
a) When the DG/RO has halted at his post, the TC faces
about and directs TANGHAL SANDATA.
b) The BCs face about and command: TANGHAL, TA,
face the front and salute together with their
respective staff.
c) When the units have completed this movement, the
TC faces about and executes with his staff: PUGAY
KAMAY, NA.
d) Upon completion of the presentation and/or honors,
the TC commands his staff: BABA KAMAY, NA, faces
about and directs: BABA SANDATA.
e) The BCs and staff terminate their salutes, the BCs
face about and command: BABA, TA. They then face
the front.
f) The TC faces to the front.
 3) INSPECTION
a) When the TC has faced the reviewing stand,
the DG/RO and MH move forward and halt
three steps in front of the TC. Staffs, aides-de-
camp, and orderlies do not normally
accompany the inspecting party. However, if
the DG/RO is mounted during the inspection,
his personal Color and aide-de-camp should
be on another vehicle.
b) The TC salutes and reports: Ginoo, handa na
po ang mga talupad upang siyasatin (Sir,
the troops are ready for inspection). The
band begins to play march music on the first
left step of the DG/RO and continues to play
 INSPECTION Cont.
c) The DG/RO acknowledges the salute and the TC escorts
the DG/RO (to be at the center), the MH (to be at the left
of the DG/RO) for the inspection of troops. As they
approach the first element of the band, the MH will
position at the right of the TC so that the DG/RO will be
nearest the troops. After the last element of the troops,
the MH will position at the left of the DG/RO. When riding a
vehicle, the reviewing party passes between the line of
Battalion Commanders and Company Commanders. When
marching, the reviewing party passes between the front
rank of the troops and the Platoon Leaders when
companies are in line formation.
d) When the inspection is made by motor vehicle, the
inspecting party enters the vehicle in front of the
reviewing stand. The DG/RO enters first and occupies the
left rear position. The vehicle approaching from the left of
the TC, proceeds to the post of the TC and stops. The TC
salutes and enters the vehicle, occupying the right front
 INSPECTION Cont.
e) Upon the departure of the inspecting party, the senior
staff officer commands the staff to PAHINGA. After the
inspection has been completed, the senior staff officer
commands HUMANDA before the return of the TC.
f) When the reviewing party marches while trooping the
line and is about to pass, the Platoon Leader faces
about and commands: HANDA TINGIN SA KANAN,
NA. The elements turn their heads to the right and see
the honoree as they pass by. The Platoon Leader
executes eyes left then faces front after the inspecting
party has passed the platoon. Simultaneously, the
Battalion and Company Commander faces front and
commands: KALUPUNAN, SUMALIKOD KO, KAD; and
MGA GABAY SUMALIKOD KO, KAD respectively, to
witness the inspecting party. However, if the inspecting
party are riding for the trooping the line, the Company
Commander and staff stay put and just execute eyes
right. More so, the Platoon Leader faces front after
giving the command HANDA TINGIN SA KANAN, NA.
 INSPECTION Cont.
g) As the inspecting party approaches the
Colors, the TC inconspicuously commands
GINOO, ANG MGA WATAWAT, PUGAY
KAMAY, NA (Sir, the Colors, Present
Arms) six steps to the Colors and BABA
KAMAY, NA (Ready Front)
immediately after the Colors.
h) Upon reaching the last element of the
troops, the inspecting party return to their
respective positions using the most direct
route.
 4) HONORS TO THE NATION
a) When the inspecting party has returned to its post, the
TC faces about and directs TANGHAL SANDATA. The
BCs face about and command: TANGHAL, TA. Each
commander then faces front and salutes. When all
units have completed these movements, the TC faces
front and commands: PUGAY KAMAY, NA for himself
and his staff. On the execution of the Hand Salute by
the TC, the band begins to play the National Anthem.
b) The inspecting party and all military spectators salute
while the National Anthem is being played.
c) Upon completion of the National Anthem, the TC and
staff terminate their salutes on his command: BABA
KAMAY, NA. He then faces about and directs BABA
SANDATA.
d) The BCs terminate their salutes, face about, and
command: BABA, TA then face front.
a) PASS-IN-REVIEW
 5) PASS-IN-REVIEW
a) The TC brings his staff behind him,
KALUPUNAN, SUMALIKOD KO, KAD. When
the staff has reversed its position, the TC
directs PASA MASID. The band moves to
march position.
b) The DG/RO moves forward to acknowledge
the salute of the troops passing before the
grandstand.
c) When the Colors pass before the reviewing
stand, the
band interrupts the music and plays four ruffle
s and flourishes
. The spectators execute Hand Salute or the
PASS-IN-REVIEW cont.
 PASS-IN-REVIEW cont.
d) The band continuously plays until the
last parade elements leave the parade
ground.
e) When all the troops and floats have
cleared the parade ground, the TC and
staff move forward facing the
grandstand and halt ten steps in front of
the honoree. The TC salutes and the
honoree acknowledges the salute. He
may or may not thank or congratulate
the TC and staff.