8 Parts of
Speech
8 Parts of Speech
1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Adjectives
4. Verbs
5. Adverbs
6. Prepositions
The 3 “tions”
7. Conjunctions
8. Interjections
Nouns
Names a Examples:
Person Mary, girl, neighbor
Place New York, town, city
Thing food, school, house, fox
Idea honesty, freedom, kindness
Nouns
Examples:
Can be
girl, boy, town, school, subject, state,
Common country
or
Susan, Thomas, Tonawanda,
Proper* St. Amelia School, English, New York,
United States of America,
* Proper nouns are ALWAYS CAPITALIZED!
Nouns
Examples:
Can be
Concrete desk, child, gumball
(can be seen or
touched)
or
freedom, responsibility,
Abstract honesty, prejudice
(cannot be seen
or touched)
Nouns
Can be compound Examples:
and written as:
Single word homework, textbook,
classmate, grandmother
Separate words pen pal, word processing,
Maryann Smith, dining room
Hyphenated three-fourths, mother-in-law,
words sister-in-law, self-esteem
Pronouns
Take the place of a noun Examples:
– acts as its substitute.
Susan said that she
The noun being was sorry.
substituted by the
pronoun is its
ANTECEDENT. Thomas claimed the
(prefix “ante” means pencil belonged to
“before”; therefore, him. Later he
most antecedents realized that it
come before their belonged to Mark.
pronouns.)
Pronouns
Intensive =
Reflexive vs.
antecedent is next to the pronoun
Intensive
Mary herself made the cake.
Pronouns that
end in “self” or
“selves” Reflexive =
Pronoun functions as direct
object, indirect object, or object
Examples:
of a preposition.
herself
himself
Mary hurt herself. (D.O.)
themselves Mary baked herself a cake. (I.O)
Mary studied by herself. (Obj. of
Prep.)
Pronouns
Can be Examples:
Demonstrative
THIS This is mine.
THAT That is yours.
THESE These are broken.
THOSE Those are sweet.
Use your finger to “demonstrate”!
Adjectives
Describe/Modify
1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
Can be As ARTICLES,
Answer Questions: Can be
Demonstrative: can be
Which one? Proper
What kind? This or Definite
How many? That Common or
These Indefinite
Those
Adjectives
Answer Questions: Examples:
Which one? Bring me the red sweater.
What kind? I am wearing a wool
sweater.
How many?
I own six sweaters.
Adjectives
Can be Examples:
Demonstrative
THIS This house is mine.
THAT That house is yours.
THESE These crayons are
THOSE broken.
Those apples are sweet.
Use your finger to “demonstrate”!
Adjectives
Can be Examples:
Interrogative
Which books are
and will prompt a yours?
question:
What movie is your
favorite?
Which
What
Whose lunch is
Whose this?
Adjectives
Can be Every boy wears a
Indefinite tie.
(not clear exactly
which ones or how We ate a few
many) cookies.
Tom spent some
time doing his
chores.
Adjectives
Examples:
Can be
I am a good citizen.
Common
I ate the delicious food.
or
I am an American
Proper* citizen.
I ate the Chinese food.
* Proper adjectives are ALWAYS CAPITALIZED!
Adjective Articles
Examples:
Can be
Please bring me the apple from my
Definite
desk.
(the)
Please pick up the pen from the floor.
or
Indefinite Please bring me an apple from the bag.
(a; an) Please choose a pen from the box.
Verbs
3 types of verbs:
Action (a.k.a. Main Verb)
Linking (a.k.a. Main Verb)
Helping (introduces the main verb)
Verbs
The final verb in a sentence is the main verb (action or
linking).
Verbs that introduce the main verb are the helping verbs.
I baked a cake. ACTION VERB
The cake was delicious. LINKING VERB
I did bake a delicious cake. 1 HELPING VERB + ACTION VERB
I should have been on time. 2 HELPING VERBS + LINKING VERB
I should have been eating by now. 3 HELPING VERBS + ACTION VERB
Action Verbs
Show
action!
run
smile
study
read
Action Verbs
Transitive [AV DO] Intransitive
Verb action has a Verb action has no
noun or pronoun receiver (no direct
receiver (a.k.a. direct object)
object) I ate earlier.
I ate an apple. Susan wrote all
Susan wrote a great
night.
essay.
Common Linking Verbs
Show existence, being
am I am happy.
is He is a good student.
are They are here.
was The child was tired.
were We were in school.
be Please be on time.
being Please stop being rude.
been We have been here before.
Familiar Linking Verbs
Show existence, being
look You look great!
feel I feel sick.
taste The lemon tastes sour.
sound This song sounds familiar.
smell The garbage smells awful.
appear You appear angry.
become He became president.
seem They seem tired.
remain She remained calm.
Hint: if you can replace a verb with Am, Is, Are, Was, or Were, the verb
is functioning as a LINKING VERB!
Linking Verbs [LV PA /
PN]
Linking verbs “link” Examples:
the subject of the
I am a girl. (PN)
sentence with a
She was pretty. (PA)
noun or adjective
I felt sick. (PA)*
(a.k.a. Predicate
This is my phone. (PN)
Noun or Predicate
This tastes sour. (PA)*
Adjective) that
The test is easy. (PA)
gives us
You look great! (PA)*
information about
You are my hero. (PN)
the subject.
*Hint: if you can replace a verb with Am, Is, Are, Was, or Were, the
verb is functioning as a LINKING VERB!
Helping Verbs (a.k.a. Auxiliary
Verbs)
Helping verbs combine with the main verb
to form a verb phrase.
A sentence can contain up to 3 helping
verbs for each main verb.
We have eaten these before.
I am driving a new car.
They should be sleeping by now.
We should have been studying all week.
Common Helping Verbs
am I am eating this.
is She is eating this.
are They are eating this.
was I was eating this.
were They were eating this.
be You should be eating this.
being It is being eaten by you.
beenYou could have been eating this.
Common Helping Verbs
have I have studied.
has She has studied.
had We had studied together.
did We did study for the test.
does He does study each night.
do I do study every night.
Familiar Helping Verbs
may You may eat now.
must You must eat now.
might He might eat now.
can We can eat now.
could They could eat now.
should I should eat now.
would We would eat now.
will She will eat now.
Adverbs
Adverbs
Answers questions: Examples
When?
All our relatives gather
Where? yearly. (when)
How?
This year we celebrated
To what extent? uptown. (where)
Condition or reason
Joyously, we greeted
one another. (how)
We were very happy to
be together. (to what
extent)
Adverbs
Some adverbs not ending in “ly”:
Many adverbs end in the suffix
“ly”. afterward near
already never
always not
Formed by adding “ly” to anywhere now
adjectives away nowhere
happy – happily below often
easy –easily even outside
grateful –gratefully ever
seldom
everywhere short
Exceptions: these words fast sometimes
which end in “ly” are usually forever somewhere
adjectives: hard soon
friendly here straight
lively home then
lovely late there
lonely long
well
Remember: “NOT” is NOT a Verb! It’s an Adverb!!
Good vs. Well
“Good” and “bad” are “Well” and “badly” are adverbs.
adjectives. Use them before Use them to modify verbs.
nouns or after Linking Verbs
(as Predicate Adjectives).
I did well on my test.
I had a good day.
I did badly on my test.
(good modifies the noun day).
(well and badly modify the verbs
did)
My day was bad.
(bad is a Predicate Adjective ** “Well” may also be used as an
which follows the Linking adjective to mean “healthy”.
Verb was.)
You look well today.
(well is a Predicate Adjective which
follows the Linking Verb look)
Prepositions
How many words can
you relate to the
mountain?
up the mountain
down the mountain
around the mountain
through the mountain
over the mountain
behind the mountain
Prepositions
MUST BE
in a prepositional
phrase
Prepositional Phrases PP
Prepositional phrases consist of:
Preposition + Object of the Preposition
up the mountain
through the door
on the teacher’s desk
Prepositional Phrases PP
Preposition is the up the mountain
1st word in a
prepositional
phrase through the door
Object of the
Preposition is the
last word (noun or under the desk
pronoun) in a
prepositional
phrase
Remember: Prepositional phrases NEVER contain verbs!
Improper Prepositions
What is wrong with these sentences?
1. What channel are you on?
2. Whom are you going with?
Prepositions MUST BE in prepositional phrases!
1. You are on what channel?
2. You are going with whom?
Prepositions PP
Some prepositions Some prepositions
cannot be easily are made up of 2 or
related to the more words, such as
mountain, such as
of according to
with in between
about in spite of
from on top of
as in addition to
Prepositions PP
Common Prepositions:
aboard before down of throughout
about behind during on to
above below except onto toward
across beneath for opposite under
after beside from out underneath
against besides in outside
until
along between inside over up
among beyond into past upon
around but (except) like since with
as by near through within
at
Prepositions
Multi-word prepositions
according to because of in spite of
across from except for instead of
along with in front of on top of
aside from in place of on
account of
in addition to
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Examples:
Conjunctions
The pens and pencils are here.
and I like carrots but not lima beans.
but I’m excited, for today is my
birthday.
for
I didn’t like the movie, nor did she.
nor
Are you eating pizza or
or
hamburgers?
so
Mary wanted a new phone, so she
yet saved her allowance money.
He works quickly yet carefully.
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions Examples:
Either ~ or I’ll either walk or jog home.
Neither ~ nor Neither you nor I have blue eyes.
Not only ~ but also Not only do I like ELA, but I also like
science class.
Both ~ and Leah earned an A in both math and
religion.
Whether ~ or
We need to decide whether to leave or to
stay.
Interjections!!!!!!!
Interjections typically
Some interjections
indicate strong are followed by
feelings or commas, and indicate
excitement. a mild feeling instead
or a strong one.
Wow! We won!
Well, I better get
Ouch! That pan is hot! started.
Yes! I got an A! Oh, how I dread
Ouch! Mondays.
He yelled an interjection when the
nurse gave him an injection!
