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Applications of GIS in Urban Planning and Spatial Operations

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Mrinmayee Ganage
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10 views

Applications of GIS in Urban Planning and Spatial Operations

Uploaded by

Mrinmayee Ganage
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GIS & REMOTE SENSING

Subject: GIS Studio


Topic: Applications of GIS in Urban Planning and spatial operations
Presented by: Pallavi Tiwari
Transportation
Route planning for road & rail
Road network updating
Logistics management
• Analysis of highway crash data
• Intelligent crash location
• Traffic planning tools
• Route selection and evaluation
Utility Management
Creation of digital maps and asset maps of Electricity,
Gas, Telecom, Power, Water Utilities etc. linking them to
the relevant databases and developing systems for
providing decision support information.
What is a Geographic Information System?

• Geographic Information System (GIS) – A computer-


based system for the collection, storage, organization,
maintenance, and analysis of spatially-referenced data, and
the output of spatially-referenced information.

• Data – Any collection of related facts; the basic elements of


information.
• Information - Data that have been processed to be useful;
provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions

• Information can only come from accurate data.


Applications of GIS
• Urban Planning, Management & Policy
• Zoning, subdivision planning Civil Engineering/Utility
• Land acquisition Locating underground facilities
• Economic development Designing alignment for freeways, transit
• Code enforcement Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
• Housing renovation programs Business
• Emergency response Demographic Analysis
• Crime analysis Market Penetration/ Share Analysis
• Tax assessment Site Selection
• Environmental Sciences Education Administration
• Monitoring environmental risk Attendance Area Maintenance
• Modeling storm water runoff Enrollment Projections
• Management of watersheds, floodplains, School Bus Routing
wetlands, forests, aquifers Real Estate
• Environmental Impact Analysis Neighborhood land prices
• Hazardous or toxic facility siting Traffic Impact Analysis
• Groundwater modeling and contamination Determination of Highest and Best Use
tracking Health Care
•Political Science
Epidemiology
• Redistricting
• Needs Analysis
Analysis of election results
• Service Inventory 5
Predictive modeling
How do we describe geographical features?

By recognizing two types of data:


• Spatial data which describes location (where)
• Attribute data which specifies characteristics at that location
(what, how much, and when)

SPATIAL DATA NON - SPATIAL DATA OR


ATTRIBUTES
How do we represent these digitally in a GIS?

By grouping into layers based on similar characteristics (e.g hydrography,


elevation, water lines, sewer lines, grocery sales) and using either:
• vector data model
• raster data
Raster vs. Vector Data Model
Data Model Concepts
• Vector data model and Raster data model can represent same phenomena
• E.g. Elevation represented as surface (continuous field) using raster grid or as lines
representing contours of equal elevation (discrete objects), or as points of height (Z
values).

• Data can be converted from one conceptual view to another


• E.g. raster data layer can be derived from contour lines, point cloud

• Selection of raster or vector model depends on the application or type of


operations to be performed
• E.g. Elevation represented as surface (continuous field) in raster - to easily
determine slope, or
• as discrete contours if printed maps of topography
• There are three basic types of vector objects: points, lines and polygons

• Vector data model uses sets of coordinates and associated attribute data to define
discrete objects

• Point objects in spatial database represent location of entities considered to have no


dimension. Simplest type of spatial objects
• E.g. wells, sampling points, poles, telephone towers, etc.

• Line objects are used to represent linear features using ordered set of coordinate pairs
• E.g. infrastructure networks (transport networks: highways, railroads, etc.) ; utility networks: (gas, electric,
telephone, water, etc. ); airline networks: hubs and routes, etc.); natural networks such as river channels
• Polygon objects in spatial database represent entities
which covers an area
• E.g. lakes, Buildings, parcels, etc.

• Boundaries may be defined by natural phenomena (e.g.


lake), or by man made features (e.g census tracts,
neighborhoods)
• E.g. Land cover data: forest, wetlands, urban areas, etc.
• Soil data – soil types
• Raster Data Model defines the world as a regular set of
cells in a uniform grid pattern

• Cells are square and evenly spaced in the x and y directions

• Each cell represent attribute values and cell location of


phenomena or entities

• Cell dimension specifies the length and width of the cell in


surface units

• Raster data models represent continuous phenomena or


spatial features
• E.g. Elevation/DEM, bathymetry, precipitation, slope, etc.

• Raster data model may also be used to represent discrete


data
• E.g. Land cover: forest, wetlands, urban areas

• Rasters are digital aerial photographs, imagery from


satellites, digital pictures, or even scanned maps
Attribute Tables
Non-spatial information associated
with a spatial feature is referred to
as an attribute. A feature on a GIS
map is linked to its record in the
attribute table by a unique numerical
identifier (ID). Every feature in a
layer has an identifier.
Attribute data can be broken down into four measurement levels:

•Nominal data which have no implied order, size or quantitative information


(e.g. paved and unpaved roads)

•Ordinal data have an implied order (e.g. ranked scores), however, we cannot
quantify the difference since a linear scale is not implied.

•Interval data are numeric and have a linear scale, however they do not have a true
zero and can therefore not be used to measure relative magnitudes. For example,
one cannot say that 60°F is twice as warm as 30°F since when presented in degrees
°C the temperature values are 15.5°C and -1.1°C respectively (and 15.5 is clearly not
twice as big as -1.1).

•Ratio scale data are interval data with a true zero such as monetary value (e.g. $1,
$20, $100).
Spatial Operations

• Spatial operations use geometry functions to take spatial


data as input, analyze the data, then produce output data
that is the derivative of the analysis performed on the input
data
• E.g. Buffer, clip, intersection, union, dissolve, merge, etc.
Spatial Operations

Clip (Analysis)
• Clip: Extracts input features that overlay the clip features
• Creating a new feature class: Area of Interest (AOI), or study area
• The Output Feature Class will contain all the attributes of the Input Features
Spatial Operations

Clip (Data Management )


• Cuts out a portion of a raster dataset, mosaic dataset, or image
service layer.
• Allows you to extract a portion of a raster dataset based on a
template extent
• The clipped area is specified either by a rectangular envelope using
minimum and maximum x- and y-coordinates or by using an output
extent file
Spatial Operations

Intersect (Analysis)
• Computes a geometric intersection of the input features.
• Features or portions of features which overlap in all layers and/or feature
classes will be written to the output feature class.
• Input Features must be simple features: point, multipoint, line, or polygon
Spatial Operations

Dissolve (Data Management)


• Aggregates features based on specified attributes

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