SCIENCE 8

QUARTER 2 / WEEKS
2-3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of lessons, the learners
should be able to;
1.Differentiate the epicenter of an
earthquake from its focus;
2. Describe an earthquake in terms of
its intensity and magnitude; and
3. Explain the characteristics of active
and inactive faults.
Most Essential Learning
Competencies:
In this lesson, you will learn
the concepts that you can use
to differentiate the epicenter
of an earthquake from its
focus; intensity of an
earthquake from its
magnitude; and active from
inactive faults.
REVIEW
TIME
REVIEW:

1 2

3 4
REVIEW:

STRIKE – SLIP FAULT OBLIQUE – SLIP FAULT

REVERSE/THRUST FAULT NORMAL FAULT

Define earthquake
Earthquake is a
sudden and violent
shaking of the
ground, sometimes
causing great
destruction, as a
result of movements
within the earth's
crust or volcanic
 01 OF
PARTS
AN
EARTHQUAK
E
Parts of an Earthquake
EPICENTER
●“Epi” means surface
●The epicenter is often the
area most strongly affected
by the earthquake
FOCUS
It is also called as
Hypocentre (hypo means
under or beneath)
FOCUS
The point within the earth
where an Earthquake
rupture starts.
FAULT

A fracture in the rock

that makes up the
Earth’s crust
PLATES
Massive rocks that make up the
outer layer of the earth’s
surface and whose movement
along faults trigger earthquakes
PLATES
Plates refer to large, rigid slabs of the Earth's
lithosphere (the outermost layer of the Earth) that
move and interact with each other. These plates are
part of the theory of plate tectonics, which explains
many geological processes, including earthquakes,
volcanic activity, and mountain formation.
Seismic waves

Waves that transmit

the energy released by
an earthquake
Where does an earthquake start?
The breaking of the rocks
will start at the point where the
rocks are weakest. This spot
where the first break occurs is
called the focus or hypocenter
(hypo means under or
beneath).The focus is the origin or
the center of the earthquake. It is
located underground.

A point on the surface of

the earthquake which is directly
above the focus of an earthquake
and where the earthquake
vibrations reach first is called
epicenter (epi means surface).
Where does an earthquake start?
QUIZ TIME
1. Which type of wave is
responsible for transmitting
the energy released during an
earthquake
a) Rayleigh Waves
b)Body Waves
c) Seismic Waves
d)Love waves
2. The epicenter is often the
area that is being most _________
by the earthquake.
a) Weakly affected
b)Strongly Affected
c) Not affected at all
d)None of the above
3. (1)“Epi” means beneath or under. (2)
“Hypo” means surface.
a) Statement 1 is true, while statement 2
is false
b) Statement 1 is false, while statement 2
is true
c) Both statement is true
d) Both statement is false
4. It is the point within the earth
where an Earthquake rupture starts.

a) Fault
b) Focus
c) Epicenter
d) Plates
5. Known as the massive rocks that make
up the outer layer of the earth’s surface
and whose movement along faults trigger
earthquakes
a) Fault
b) Focus
c) Epicenter
d) Plates
 02
INTENSITY
VS.
MAGNITUDE
How Strong is the Earthquake?
An earthquake may be described in
two ways: intensity and magnitude. The
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
seismology (PHIVOLCS) uses the PEIS or
PHILVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
to describe the intensity of earthquakes in
the Philippines.
Intensi
ty
The intensity of an
earthquake gives us an
idea of how strong or
weak the shaking is or
simply by describing the
effects of earthquake on
people or surroundings
PHIVOLCS earthquake intensity scale
(PEIS)
Intensity Description
scale
I Scarcely Perceptible
II Slightly Felt
III Weak
IV Moderately Strong
V Strong
VI Very Strong
VII Destructive
VIII Very Destructive
IX Devastating
X Completely Devastating
Youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFg5AptIQVM
• Felt by many people
indoors especeially on
the upper floors
buildings.
• Vibration is felt like the
passing of a light truck.
• Dizziness and nausea are
experienced by some
people.
• Hanging objects swing
moderately. Still water in
containers oscillates
moderately.
• Felt generally by people
indoors and by some
outdoors. Light sleepers
are awakened.
• Vibrations is felt like a
passing of a heavy truck.
• Dinner plates, glasses,
windows rattles.
• Water in containers
oscillates strongly.
Rumbling sounds may be
sometimes heard
• Felt by most people
indoors and outdoors.
Some are frightened
and run outdoors.
Shaking of leaves of
trees are noticeable.
• Strong shaking and rocking
felt throughout the building.
Hanging objects swing
violently. Dining utensils
clatter and clink, some are
broken.
• Many people are
frightened, many run
outdoors and some
people lose their
balance. Motorists feels
like driving a flat tires.
• Heavy objects or furniture
move or may be shifted.
• Very old or poorly built
houses and man-made
structures are slightly
damaged but well built
structures are not affected.
• Many people are frightened and run outdoors.
People find it difficult to stand on the upper floors.
Heavy objects or furnitures overturn or topple.
• Old or poorly and man-made structures are
considerably damaged.
• Well-built structures are slightly damaged
• Many people are frightened and alarmed. People
find it difficult to stand even outdoors.
• Well-built structures are considerably damaged
• Towers, post, and monuments are tiled or toppled.
Trees are violently shaking
• Many people are forcibly thrown to the
ground. Most buildings are totally damaged.
• Many utility posts, towers, and monuments
are titled, toppled, or broken.
• Trees are shaking violently
• All man-made structures are destroyed.
• Massive landslides and liquefaction, large
scale subsidence and uplift landforms and
ground fissures are observed.
• Many trees are toppled, broken, and
uprooted.
“Scary Spiders Will
Move Slowly Very
Determined, Very
Dangerous and
Catastrophic.”
Magnitu
de
Magnitude is
the energy released
by an earthquake at
the focus. It is
calculated by an
instrument called
Seismograph.
 Magnitu
The
de
quantitative
measure of an
earthquakes
magnitude is being
calculated using the
Richter Scale.
Magnitude is
represented by
 RICHTER SCALE
• Richter magnitude scale (often shortened
to Richter scale) is the most common standard
of measurement for earthquakes. It was
invented in 1935 by Charles F. Richter, a
mathematical device to compare the size of
earthquakes. The Richter scale is used to rate
the magnitude of an earthquake.
 The
Richter
Magnitud
e Scale
 The Richter Magnitude Scale
Richter Earthquake Effects
Description
Magnitudes
Micro Less than 2.0 Microearthquakes, not felt.
Very 2.0-2.9 Usually not felt, but recorded.
Minor
Minor 3.0-3.9 Often felt, but rarely causes damage.
Light 4.0-4.9 Noticeable shaking of indoor items, rattling
noises. Significant damage unlikely.
5.0-5.9 Can cause major damage to poorly constructed
buildings over small regions. Slight damage to
Moderate well-designed buildings.
Strong 6.0-6.9 Can be destructive in areas up to about
100 miles across in populated areas.
Major 7.0-7.9 Can cause serious damage over larger areas.

Great 8.0-8.9 Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred miles
across.
Intensity Vs. Magnitude
 03
ACTIVE FAULTS
AND
INACTIVE
FAULTS
Where do earthquakes
occur?
FOLDING –
bending of rocks
due to stress

FAULTING –
breaking of rocks
due to stress
Where do earthquakes
A fault line is
occur?
defined as a
geological fracture
wherein the
movement of
masses of rock has
displaced parts of
the Earth’s crust.
Where do earthquakes
A
occur? rapid
movement of a
fault line may
produce a
powerful energy
that can trigger
a strong
Five (5) active fault lines in
the Philippines
●Marikina/Valley Fault System.
●Western Philippine Fault
●Eastern Philippine Fault,
●South of Mindanao Fault,
●Central Philippine Fault
Five (5) active fault lines in
the Philippines
Marikina/Valley Fault System
(Montalban, San Mateo, Rizal,
Pasig, Taguig, muntinlupa, San
Pedo, Biñan, Carmona, Santa
Rosa, Tagaytay, Oriental
Mindoro, Calamba)
Five (5) active fault lines in
the Philippines
●Western Philippine Fault
(Luzon Sea, Mindoro Strait,
Panay Gulf, Sulu Sea)
- Does not run on land, but
rather through seas
Five (5) active fault lines in
the Philippines
●Eastern Philippine Fault,
(Philippine Sea)
- Northern Luzon to Eastern
part of Midnanao
Five (5) active fault lines in
the Philippines
●South of Mindanao Fault
(Moro Gulf, Celebes Sea,
Cotabato Trench)
- Southern Region of Mindanao
Five (5) active fault lines in
the Philippines
●Central Philippine Fault
(Entire Ilocos Norte, Aurora
Quezon, Masbate, Eastern
Leyte, Southern Leyte, Agusan
Del Norte)
- Northen part of Archipelago to
Northern portion of Davao
 Active
Faults
Active faults arefault that is likely
to have another earthquake sometime
in the future. Faults are commonly
considered to be active if there has
been movement observed or evidence
of seismic activity during the last
10,000 years.
 Active
Faults
Active faults are associated with
frequent earthquakes, indicating
that they are still capable of
movement.
These faults result from the
movement of tectonic plates, which
 Active
Faults
It could still
potentially
create a minor
or major
earthquakes
 Active
Faults
Active faults often show visible signs of
past movements, such as offset
landforms, scarps, or changes in the
landscape. Closely monitored by
geologists and seismologists to assess
earthquake risks and inform disaster
ACTIVE FAULTS
• Active faults are faults that have
moved recently and are expected to
move again in the future. They have
the potential to produce earthquakes.
• These faults show signs of movement
within the last 10,000 years (Holocene
epoch).
 Inactive
Faults
Inactive faults are
structures that we can
identify, but which do no
have earthquakes. If a
fault has been inactive
for millions of years, it’s
certainly safe to call it
inactive.
INACTIVE FAULTS
• Faults that have not shown any
movement for a long time and are not
likely to move again.
• Inactive faults have not moved in the
last 10,000 years or more, sometimes
even for millions of years. They do not
show signs of ongoing tectonic activity.
 04
EARTHQUAKE
PREPAREDNESS
(BEFORE,
DURING, AFTER)
 Thanks!
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