BUILDING SERVICES II
EE 604
Factory lighting, flood lighting and Street lighting
Binod Bhandari
Associate Professor /Head of Department
Department of Electrical Engineering
Kathmandu Engineering College
Overview of Todays Lecture
1. Overview of Previous Lecture
2. Factory, flood and Street Lighting
Overview of Previous Lecture
1. Methods of Lighting Calculation
Methods of Lighting Calculations
Factory Lighting
Adequate lighting of factories is of vital importance, as it provides improved
amenities for the employees, increased production and has a definite economic
value in reducing accidents with their consequent loss of time and compensation
payments.
General Requirements
A factory lighting installation should provide an adequate illumination on the working
plane and give a good distribution of light, employ simple and easily cleaned fittings
and avoid glare. It is essential not only to avoid glare from the lamp itself but also
reflected glare from any polished surface, which may be within the line of vision.
Methods of Lighting Calculations
Factory Lighting
In general, following three types of lighting is incorporated for factory lighting:
1.General Lighting:
2.Local Lighting
3. Emergency Lighting
1. General Lighting
• The usual scheme in factories and workshops is to mount a number of lamps at a
sufficient height so that uniform distribution of light over the working plane is
obtained.
• In large machine shops the height is governed by the necessity of keeping the
lamps above the travelling crane. In such cases it is often desirable to supplement
the main lighting by side lighting in order to give additional illumination on a
vertical plane.
Methods of Lighting Calculations
Factory Lighting
2.Local Lighting
• On some points fairly intense illumination is required. For this purpose local
lighting can be provided by means of adjustable fittings attached to the machine
or bench.
• Such lamps should be mounted in deep reflectors so that glare is avoided.
3. Emergency Lighting
Lighting used for
(i) Internal pilot lighting required for safe and speedy evacuation of personnel after
main lighting circuit is off
(ii) External pilot lighting, provided with careful shades leading to shelters required
for evacuation of personnel.
(iii) For control posts, first aid centres etc.
The circuit supplying the above emergency lights should be independently
controlled. batteries or from small petrol driven generator set
Methods of Lighting Calculations
Factory Lighting
Types of lamps used: Discharge lamps, Fluorescent lamps etc
Industrial Lighting Fittings:
Reflectors for industrial purposes must be simple in design and easily cleaned. The
requirements of most of the installations can be met by one of the following types of
fittings: Standard Reflectors, Diffusing Fittings, Concentrating Reflectors, Enclosed
Diffusing Fittings, Angle Reflectors
Maintenance of Factory Lighting:
In order to maintain the fittings in a condition of reasonable efficiency it is necessary to
clean the light fittings periodically. The frequency of cleaning depends on the conditions in
the particular factory under consideration and varies from once or twice a week for very
dirty surroundings to every four or six weeks under the best conditions.
Methods of Lighting Calculations
Street Lighting
• A source of light that is mounted on a lamp column or pole either on the side of the road
or within the median to provide illumination is known as street lighting.
• Street lighting is required along the road to have safer, comfortable, convenient and
efficient movement of vehicles at night.
The primary objectives of street lighting are −
1. Street lighting is required to increase or enhance the community value of the street.
2. Street lighting is provided along the road sides to make traffic and obstructions on the
road clearly visible in order promote safety and convenience.
3. Street lights also make the street more attractive.
4. Street lighting improves the traffic speed and the traffic flow conditions.
Methods of Lighting Calculations
Street Lighting
The principle employed for street lighting is different from that of interior lighting. There
are no walls and ceilings, which reflect or diffuse light . Hence only direct lighting scheme
can be employed and hard shadows and high contrast can be avoided.
The illumination required depends upon the class of street lighting installations. In
important shopping centers and road junctions illumination level of 30 lumens per square
meter is required whereas low priority areas 4 lumen per square meter is sufficient.
Excellent illumination is considered when distance between luminaries are not more than
8 times the height of the luminaries. Normal spacing for standard lamps is 59 meters with
a mounting height of 8 meters. Lamp posts should always be fixed at the junction of roads
and lamps near large trees should be avoided as far as possible.
Commonly used Lamps: Mercury vapour and sodium discharge lamps
Methods of Lighting Calculations
Flood Lighting
Flood lighting is a type of artificial lighting that uses high-intensity, broad-beamed light
sources to illuminate large areas such as outdoor playing fields, stadiums, buildings,
monuments, landscapes, and other architectural features.
Flood Lighting is used for mainly three purposes:
1. Asthetic Flood Lighting: Ancient building monument, Religious building, festive
occasions etc
2. Industrial and Commercial Flood Lighting: Railway yards, sports stadiums, car
parking, construction sites etc.
3. Advertising Flood Lighting: for illuminating advertising boards and showcases.
Methods of Lighting Calculations
Flood Lighting
Floodlights work by using powerful light sources such as LEDs, halogen lamps, metal
halide lamps, or high-pressure sodium lamps that are concentrated into narrow light
beams using specific reflectors or lenses. The reflectors or lenses can shape the light
beam and control its spread and intensity. Some flood lights also have adjustable features
that allow them to change the beam angle and direction.
The particular type of reflector and its housing used for concentrating the light into
narrow beam is known as flood light projector. Since it is usually installed in remote
positions, therefore it must be robust and weather proof in construction.
Flood lighting also requires careful planning and installation to achieve optimal results
and avoid potential problems. Flood lighting systems should be designed and installed
based on the site assessment, flood light selection, calculation of the number and
position of floodlights, installation of floodlights, and testing and maintenance of the
floodlighting system.
