Origins and

Systems of the
Earth
Prepared by: Ian Bentulan
Modified by: Reyvan R. Alegre
What covers the topic?
● Big Bang Theory
● Steady State Theory
● Cosmic Inflation Theory
● Nebular Hypothesis
● Planetesimal and Tidal Theories
● The Solar System
Big Bang
Theory
Big Bang
Theory
● The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe
began

● Around 13.7 billion years ago, everything we know of was an infinitesimally

small singularity, a point of infinite denseness and infinite heat. Then,
explosive expansion began, ballooning our universe outwards faster than the
speed of light.

● Georges Lemaître- father of the Big Bang Theory

Big Bang
Theory
Studen
t #3 Which of the following
is evidence of the Big
Bang Theory?

a. Cavemen heard a loud bang at

the beginning of time.
b. The universe isn't moving
c. The universe is getting smaller
d. The universe is expanding
ANSWE
R
Which of the following
is evidence of the Big
Bang Theory?

a. Cavemen heard a loud bang at

the beginning of time.
b. The universe isn't moving
c. The universe is getting smaller
d. The universe is expanding
Steady
State
Theory
Steady State
Theory
● The universe is always expanding but maintaining a constant average
density, with matter being continuously created to form new stars and
galaxies at the same rate that old ones become unobservable as a
consequence of their increasing distance and velocity of recession.

● This theory was first proposed by Sir James Jeans and became popular after it
was revised in 1948 by Fred Hoyle (1915-2001), Herman Bondi (1919-2005)
and Thomas Gold (1920-2004) as an alternative to the Big Bang theory to
explain the origin and expansion of the Universe. Later on was disproved.

● This states that the Universe is infinite in extent, infinitely old and, taken as a
whole, it is the same in all directions and at all times in the past and at all
times in the future. In other words, the Universe doesn’t evolve or change
Steady State
Theory
Cosmic
Inflation
Theory
Cosmic
Inflation
Theory
● The early universe was a rapidly expanding bubble of pure vacuum energy. It
did not have any matter or radiation. After the expansion and cooling that
arose from this inflation, the potential energy converted to kinetic energy of
matter and radiation. Then the Big Bang occurred because of the extremely
hot and dense condition of matter

● This theory became an accepted hypothesis because it answered many

“puzzling” observations that arose in the big bag theory.
Cosmic
Inflation
Theory
PUZZLING OBSERVATIONS FROM BIG BANG THEORY

1. Homogeneity of objects in space.

2. Appearance of flatness or smoothness
3. Formation of stars and star systems in later years
Cosmic
Inflation
Theory
PUZZLING OBSERVATIONS

Homogeneity of objects in space -

composition of objects remained almost intact
even after being separated away from one
another.
Cosmic
Inflation
Theory
PUZZLING OBSERVATIONS

Homogeneity of
objects in space
Cosmic
Inflation
Theory
PUZZLING OBSERVATIONS

Appearance of flatness or smoothness - the

continuous expansion dilutes or gradually loses the
curvature of objects
Cosmic
Inflation
Theory
PUZZLING OBSERVATIONS

Appearance of flatness or
smoothness
Cosmic
Inflation
Theory
PUZZLING OBSERVATIONS

Formation of stars and star systems in later

years - attraction of gas into masses due to
gravity (gravitational pull) that gave birth to stars
and eventually galaxies.
Cosmic Inflation
Theory
Nebular
Hypothes
is
Nebular
Hypothesis
● It was modeled to explain the formation and evolution of the solar system

● It states that around 4.6 billion years ago, a star system was formed from a
rotating gas cloud or nebula of extremely hot gas. When the gas cooled, the
nebula began to shrink, and as it become smaller, its rotation becomes
faster, forming a disk-like shape.

● The angular momentum from the nebula’s rotation and the gravitational
force from the mass of the nebula formed the rings of gas outside. As the
nebula continued to shrink, these rings condensed into various densities of
planets and their satellites. The remaining part of the nebula, which had the
most mass, formed the sun.
Nebular
Hypothesis
Studen
t #6 The hypothesis stating that the
solar system evolve from a rotating
gaseous cloud that turned into a
disk like form creating a central
mass which formed the sun and
eventually the planets and the
moon.
ANSWE
R The hypothesis stating that the
solar system evolve from a rotating
gaseous cloud that turned into a
disk like form creating a central
mass which formed the sun and
eventually the planets and the
moon.

NEBULAR
HYPOTHESIS
Planetesim
al and Tidal
Theories
Planetesimal and Tidal
Theories
● Planetesimal theory was developed by Thomas Chamberlin and Forest
Moulton

● Tidal theory was developed by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys

● In both theories, a star supposedly passed close to the sun. The gravitational
pull of the passing star raised tides found on the surface of the sun.

● Some of this erupted matter was detached and plunged into elliptical orbits
around the sun. Some of the smaller masses quickly cooled to become solid
bodies called planetesimals (ancestors of planets)
Planetesimal
and Tidal
Theories
Planetesimal
and Tidal
Theories
Planetesimal and Tidal
Theories
Planetesimal
and Tidal
Theories
The Solar
System
The Solar System

● The solar system is made up of eight planets, moons and sun

● The orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical

● The first four planets are called the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars) which is closer to the sun and they are mostly made up of rocks

● The next four planets are called the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune) which is farther away from the sun and they are mostly made up of
gases
The Solar System

● The solar system is made up of eight planets, moons and sun

● The orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical

● The first four planets are called the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars) which is closer to the sun and they are mostly made up of rocks

● The next four planets are called the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune) which is farther away from the sun and they are mostly made up of
gases
Sun

● The sun is the largest object in the solar system and contains approximately
98% of the total mass of the solar system

● The sun is the star at the center of the solar system

Mercury

● Closest planet to the sun and the smallest planet in the solar system

● Its surface is similar to the Earth’s moon and virtually has no atmosphere

● It has a small magnetic field, which means there are no satellites (or moon)
Venus

● 2nd planet from the sun and it is the brightest object in the sky, except for the
sun and moon, and rotates east to west manner

● Its size is almost the same as the Earth and its atmosphere is mostly made
up of carbon dioxide, making it the hottest planet in the solar system

● It has almost no magnetic field, which means that it has no satellites around
it
Earth

● 3rd planet from the Sun and the 5th largest planet on the solar system

● 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered in water and the only planet on
which water can exist in three states (solid, liquid, gas)

● Has a relatively stronger magnetic field from the rest of the inner planets and
has only one natural satellite
Mars

● 4th planet from the sun and the most favorable place in the solar system
(except for the Earth)

● Due to the iron oxide (Fe2O3), or rust, its surface looks like reddish and
therefore nicknamed as the Red Planet

● It has two tiny satellites called Phobos and Deimos

Jupiter

● The 5th planet from the sun and the largest planet in the solar system

● Jupiter is more than twice as massive as all other planets in the solar system
combined and has thinner rings around it

● Jupiter has 79 known satellites (53 are named and another 26 are waiting for
official names) and Jupiter is known to have the Galilean moons (Io, Europa,
Ganymede, Callisto)
Saturn

● The 6th planet from the sun and the second largest planet in the solar system

● Saturn is significantly known for its majestic rings and those rings are
thought to be composed of pieces of comets, asteroids, and shattered moons
and was pulled around the Saturn’s magnetic field

● Saturn have 82 moons (53 are named and confirmed and 29 additional
provisional moons awaiting for confirmation). Its famous moons are Titan and
Enceladus
Uranus

● 7th planet from the sun and the 3rd largest planet in the solar system

● Just like Jupiter, Uranus have a thinner composition of rings around it and it
rotates from east to west but unlike Venus, Uranus rotates on its side.

● Uranus have 27 moons at present.

Neptune

● The 8th planet from the sun and the farthest planet in the solar system

● Neptune is the only planet that is not visible in the naked eye and first
predicted through mathematical equations before it was discovered in 1842

● Neptune has 14 total number of moons at present

Any Questions?