Java Programming

Basics in Java
Programming
Erku K.
DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY
DEBRE BERHAN
Structure of java Program

[Documentation] - suggested
[package statement] - optional
[import statements] - optional
[interface statements] - optional
[class definitions] - optional
[main method class] - Essential
main method class definition

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Creating, Compiling and Running
a Java Program
 Steps to create a java program:
Write a source file and save with “.java” extension.
Compile the source file into a bytecode file using the compiler, javac.
Run the program contained in the bytecode file using the Java
interpreter installed on your computer.
 Note:
 File name should be the same as the name of the class containing the
main method.
 A program can contain one or more class definitions but only one public class
definition. This class is called main-class because it contains the main method
 Program can be created in any text editor.
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Sample code

public class MyFirstJavaProgram {

public static void main(String
[]args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
C : > javac MyFirstJavaProgram.java
C : > java MyFirstJavaProgram
Hello World

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Sample code Cont…

 public (access modifier)

 Makes the item visible from outside the class.
 static
 Indicates that the main() method is a class method not an instant
method.
 It allows main() to be called without having to instantiate a particular
instance of the class.

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Lexical Components of Java Program

Java tokens :
 Meaningful words and symbols of java programming language.
 Java statements :
 Combinations of java Token(s).
Java program :
 Comments + java statements + white space

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Java Tokens

 Five types of Tokens:

 Reserved keywords
 Identifiers
 Literals
 Operators
 Separators.

White space is also considered as a token.

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Reserved words (Keywords)
• abstract float public
 Special meaning to the
• boolean for return
compiler. • break if short
 Could not be used as • Byte implements static
constant or variable or • case import super
any other • catch instanceof switch
variable/identifier names. • char int synchronized
• class interface this
• continue long throw
• default native throws
• do new transient
• double null try
• else operator void
• extends package volatile
• final private while
• finally protected
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Identifiers
 Programmer defined tokens.
 Include names used to identify :
 Classes
 Methods
 Variables
 Objects
 Packages and
 Interfaces.
 Java programming language is case sensitive language.
 Example: Mathvar, mathVar, MathVar, etc… are different
identifiers/variables.

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Rules in naming Identifier
 Name must begin with
 Letters or
 Underscore characters ( _ ) or
 Any currency symbol (e.g $)
 Remaining characters for the name of identifiers could be :
 Letters
 Digits
 Example:
 legal identifiers name: age, $salary, _value, __1_value
 illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary

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Identifiers’ naming conventions
 Class names:
 Starts with capital letter(Pascal case) and should be inter-capital(Camel
case)
 Variable names:
 Start with lower case and should be inter-capital(Camel case)
 Method names:
 Start with lower case and should be inter-capital(Camel case)
 Constants:
 Often written in all capital and use underscore if you are using more than
one word.

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Literals

 Values to be stored in variables.

 Sequence of characters (digits, letters, & other characters).

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Operators
 Symbol that take one or more arguments (operands) and
 Operates on them to produce a result. E.g. +, *, -, /, %...
 Types of operators:
 Arithmetic operators(+, -, /, *)
 Logical operators(&&, ||, !)
 Relational operators(==, >=, <=, >, < )
 Assignment operators(used to assign a value (=) )
 Conditional operators(to evaluate expressions)
 Increment and decrement operators(++, --)
Ternary operators (? : )
 Bit wise operators (&, |)
 Special operators([], (),
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Separators
 Symbols used to indicate where groups of codes are divided and
arranged.
 Define the shape and function the code.

Name Symbol
Parenthesis ()
braces {}
brackets []
semicolon ;
comma ,
period .

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Java Comments
 Add clarifications to the codes.
 Skipped during the compilation.

Start End Purpose

/* */ The enclosed text is treated as a comment.
// no The rest of the line is treated as a comment.
/** */ The enclosed text is treated as a comment by the compiler but is used by
JavaDoc to automatically generate documentation.

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Java Statements
 Terminated using a semi colon.
 Forms a complete unit of execution
 Categorized as

Guarding statements
are used for safe handling of
code that may cause exceptions
A labeled statement
is any statement that is prefixed
with an identifier.

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Blocks, Constants, Variables and Data Types
 Block - is a group of zero or more statements between a pair of
braces.
 Constants - are fixed values (literals to be stored in variables) that
do not change during the execution of a program.
 Should be in capital letters
 Re-assigning after declaration is illegal
 Cannot be declared inside methods
 Declared as:
 final var_type symbolic_name= value;
 Eg: final float PI=3.14;
 Variables - are identifiers that denote a storage location to store a
data values.
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Data types
 Identify amount of memory size and kinds of operations
 Categorized as

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Data types Cont…

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Variable declaration
 Tells the compiler what the variable name is.
 It specifies what type of data(value) the variable will hold.
 The place of declaration in the program decides the scope of the
variable.
 Syntax:
 data-type variable_name;
 data-type variable_name= value;
 Example:
 int a, b, c; // Declares three ints, a, b, and c.
 byte B = 22; // declares and initializes a byte type variable B.

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special character

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Scope of variables
 Region of a program within which the variable can be referred
 Determines when the system creates and destroys memory for the
variable.
 Block defines a scope.
 Three types of variables:
 Instance variables :
 created when objects are instantiated.
 Class variables:
 global to a class and belong to the entire set of objects that the class creates.
 declared as “static” data members.
 Local variables:
 declared and used inside methods/functions.
 Lifetime of a variable is confined to its scope.
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Operators
 Performs a function on one, two, or three operands
 Unary operator:
 Requires one operand
 Conditional operator (?:) :
 Used to construct conditional expressions
 Form:
 Expression1 ?Expression2 : Expression3
 Example:
 variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false

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Operators Cont…
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]){
int a , b;
a = 10;
b = (a == 1) ? 20: 30;
System.out.println( "Value of b is : " + b );
b = (a == 10) ? 20: 30;
System.out.println( "Value of b is : " + b );
}
}
Output:
Value of b is : 30
Value of b is : 20
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Decision Making Statements

 Two types:
 if statements
 switch statements

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if Statement
 Syntax:
if(Boolean_expression)
{
//Statements will execute if the Boolean expression is
true
}
 Example:
public class Test { Output:
public static void main(String args[]){ This is if statement
int x = 10;
if( x < 20 ){
System.out.print("This is if statement");
}
}
}
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if...else Statement
 if statement can be followed by an optional else statement
 Syntax:
if(Boolean_expression){
//Executes when the Boolean expression is true
}else{
//Executes when the Boolean expression is false
}
 Example:
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]){
int x = 30; Output:
if( x < 20 ){
This is else statement
System.out.print("This is if statement");
}else{
System.out.print("This is else statement");
}
}
}
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Loop/Iteration
Executes a block of code several times.
Looping mechanisms:
while Loop
do...while Loop
for Loop

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while Loop
Allows to write a code that repeats certain task number of times.
Syntax:
while(Boolean_expression)
{
//Statements
}
The statement inside the loop repeatedly executed whenever the
boolean_expression result is true.

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while Loop
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x = 10;
while( x < 20 ) {
System.out.print("value of x : " + x );
x++;
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}

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while Loop Cont…
Output:
value of x : 10
value of x : 11
value of x : 12
value of x : 13
value of x : 14
value of x : 15
value of x : 16
value of x : 17
value of x : 18
value of x : 19

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do...while
Similar to a while loop, except that a do...while loop is guaranteed to
execute at least one time.
Syntax:
do
{
//Statements
}while(Boolean_expression);

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do...while Cont…
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]){
int x = 10;
do{
System.out.print("value of x : " + x );
x++;
System.out.print("\n");
}while( x < 20 );
}
}

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do...while Cont…
Output:
value of x : 10
value of x : 11
value of x : 12
value of x : 13
value of x : 14
value of x : 15
value of x : 16
value of x : 17
value of x : 18
value of x : 19

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for Loop
Allows to write an efficient code that repeats certain task number of times.
Syntax:
for(initialization; Boolean_expression; update)
{
//Statements
}
Flow control steps:
Initialization step is executed first, and only once.
Next, the Boolean expression is evaluated.
 If it is true, the body of the loop is executed.
 If not, loop terminated.
If the body is executed, flow of control jumps back up to the update statement.
Then it continues from the expression evaluation again.
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for Loop Cont…
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int x = 10; x < 20; x = x+1) {
System.out.print("value of x : " + x );
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}

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for Loop Cont…
Output
value of x : 10
value of x : 11
value of x : 12
value of x : 13
value of x : 14
value of x : 15
value of x : 16
value of x : 17
value of x : 18
value of x : 19

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break Keyword
Used to terminate block of code.
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int [] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for(int i=0; i<5; i++ ) {
if( numbers[i] == 30 ) { Output:
break; 10
20
}
System.out.print( x );
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}

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continue Keyword
Used in any of the loop control structures.
Causes the loop to immediately jump to the next iteration of the loop.
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int [] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for(int i=0; i<5; i++ ) { Output:
if( numbers[i] == 30 ) { 10
continue; 20
40
}
50
System.out.print( x );
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}

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Array in Java
Array
 is an object which contains elements of a similar data type.
a collection of similar type of elements which has contiguous memory location.
Can be single dimensional or multidimensional array
Syntax – declaration
- single dimensional array
• dataType[] arr;
• dataType []arr;
• dataType arr[];
• arrayRefVar=new datatype[size]; // instantiation
• Multidimenstional
• dataType[][] arrayRefVar;
• dataType [][]arrayRefVar;
• dataType arrayRefVar[][];
• dataType []arrayRefVar[];
• int[][]
November arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 Basics
24, 2024 column // instantiation
in Java Programming 40
Array in Java
Example
class Testarray1{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
//printing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}}

//instead of the above for loop, we can use for each loop
for(data_type variable:array){
//body of the loop
}
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Array in Java
Passing array to a method
• class Testarray2{
• //creating a method which receives an array as a parameter
• static void min(int arr[]){
• int min=arr[0];
• for(int i=1;i<arr.length;i++)
• if(min>arr[i])
• min=arr[i];
• System.out.println(min);
•}
• public static void main(String args[]){
• int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaring and initializing an array
• min(a); Or min(new int[]{10,22,44,66}); //passing array to method
• }}
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Array in Java
• //Java Program to return an array from the method
• class TestReturnArray{
• //creating method which returns an array
• static int[] get(){
• return new int[]{10,30,50,90,60};
•}
• public static void main(String args[]){
• //calling method which returns an array
• int arr[]=get();
• //printing the values of an array
• for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
• System.out.println(arr[i]);
• }}
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Array in Java
• Two dimensional array
• Addition of 2 Matrices in Java
• class Testarray5{
• public static void main(String args[]){
• //creating two matrices
• int a[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
• int b[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
• //creating another matrix to store the sum of two matrices
• int c[][]=new int[2][3];
• //adding and printing addition of 2 matrices
• for(int i=0;i<2;i++){
• for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
• c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
• System.out.print(c[i][j]+" ");
• }
• System.out.println();//new line
• }
• }} 24, 2024
November Basics in Java Programming 44
Lab practice
• Decision making statements
• If
• Switch
• Iteration or repetition statements
• For
• While
• Do .. While
• For each
• Jump statements
• Break
• Continue
• Arrays (single dimensional and multidimensional )
• Exception
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finally , throw….
in Java Programming 45
 Any Question??

Thank you.
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