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Chapter 0 Intro ELNG 208

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14 views

Chapter 0 Intro ELNG 208

Uploaded by

kofgyanokyere11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

University of Energy and Natural


Resources, Sunyani

Dept. of Comp. & Elect. Eng.


ELNG 208 – ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELD THEORY

TWENEBOAH-KODUAH S.

2
Chapter 0 –
Intro

3
Learning objectives
1. Solve transmission line problems.
2. Use vector analysis to solve static electric field
problems.
3. Use vector analysis to solve static magnetic field
problems.
4. Analyze time varying field’s problems using Maxwell’s
equations.
5. Analyze plane waves in lossless media.
6. Analyze time varying fields problems applied to plane
waves in lossy media.
7. Analyze time varying fields applied to waves interacting
with boundaries.
8. Apply these techniques to guided waves. 4
Assessment
Assignment and Quizzes: 10%
Attendants: 5%
Mid-semester Exams: 25%
End of Semester Exams: 60%

5
Recommended books
Edminister J., Schaum's Outline of
Electromagnetics, Third Edition, ISBN-10:
0071632352 ISBN-13: 978-0071632355
Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. - W. Hayt, J.
Buck (McGraw-Hill, 2010)
Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas - Sophocles J.
Orfanidis
Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals Bhag
Singh Guru and Hiiseyin R. Hiziroglu 2 edition CUP

6
1. The Electromagnetic Model
Overview of Electromagnetics
Electromagnetics is the study of the electric and magnetic
phenomena caused by electric charges at rest or in motion

Existence of electric charges was discovered by Greek astronomer and


philosopher Thales of Miletus

He noticed that an amber rod, after being rubbed with silk or wool
attracted small bits of paper

The word electron was derived from the Greek word for amber which
is elektron, from which electronics, electricity…etc stems from
An electric field has two sources: a positive charge and a
negative charge
Moving electric charges produce current which gives rise to a
magnetic field
A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity which may or may
not be a function of time
Therefore a time-varying electric field is accompanied by a
magnetic field, and vice versa
A time-varying electric field coupled with a time-varying
magnetic field results in a electromagnetic field
A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity which may or may
not be a function of time
Why study EM Field Theory
There is a great deal of interest and need for training
in the concepts of engineering electromagnetics
because electromagnetics provides the underpinnings
for many technological fields such as
◦ wireless communications, fiber optics, microwave
engineering, radar, electromagnetic compatibility,
material science, and biomedicine,
Practicing engineers in these diverse fields must
understand how electromagnetic principles can be
applied to the formulation and solution of actual
engineering problems

9
WHY THE STUDY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS?

1. The concept of fields and waves are essential


in the explanation of actions at a distance
2. For example, how does an object fall toward the earth surface if
there are no elastic strings connecting a free-falling object and the
earth ??
3. This can be explained by the existence of a gravitational field

4. Similarly, the possibilities of satellite


communication can be explained only by
postulating the existence of electric and
magnetic fields
WHY THE STUDY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS?
A mobile phone on transmit sends a
message-carrying current at a certain
frequency from the source to the antenna
ends

From circuit-theory point of view, the end of


the antenna is connected to an open space
(open circuit). Hence no current will flow

why then, are we able to communicate


using mobile devices?

Electromagnetic concepts must be used to


explain this phenomenon, since circuit-
theory is limited in this regard
Building a theory or model
Three essential steps are involved in building a theory or model
Step 1: Define some basic quantities relevant to the subject of study
Step 2: Specify the rules of operation (mathematics) of these quantities
Step 3: Postulate some fundamental relations or Laws

For instance in Circuit theory (Circuit model):


Step 1 involves defining basic quantities like resistors, capacitors,
inductors, voltages and currents

Step 2 involves defining algebraic rules, differential equations, and


Laplace transformations.

Step 3 involves creating laws like Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws
Building a theory or model
Similarly, in electromagnetic model:
Step 1 will be defining the basic quantities of
electromagnetics

Step 2 will be defining the rules of operation. This


includes vector algebra and vector calculus

Step 3 will be presenting the fundamental


postulates/laws of electromagnetics
Building a theory or model
Quantities of an EM model can be divided into source and field quantities

Source is electric charges at rest or in motion

Electric charge is the fundamental property of matter and exists in positive or


negative integrals of the charge of an electron, e

e = 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb (C)

“Electric charge can neither be created nor destroyed but can be redistributed
from one place to another” – principle of conservation of electric charge.

It must be satisfied at all times and under all conditions


Building a theory or model
Source quantities are:
Volume charge density, surface charge density, and line charge
density
ρv =lim ∆q/∆v (C/m3) Volume charge density
∆v  0
ρs = lim ∆q/∆s (C/m2) Surface charge density
∆s  0
ρl =lim ∆q/∆l (C/m) Line charge density
∆l  0
Charge densities are point functions because they vary from point
to point
Current is the rate of change of charge with respect to time, that is
I = dq/dt (C/s or A)
Current must flow through a fine area, hence it is NOT a point
function
Vector fields
There are 4 fundamental vector field quantities in
electromagnetics:
Electric field intensity E, electric flux density D, magnetic flux
density B, and magnetic field intensity H
Electric field intensity E, is the only vector needed in
discussing electrostatics in free space
Electric flux density (Electric displacement) D, is useful in the
study of electric field in a material (medium)
Magnetic flux density B, is the only vector used in discussing
magneto-statics (steady electric currents) in free space
Magnetic field Intensity H, is useful in the study of magnetic
field in material media
In static, steady or stationary cases (when there is no time variation), the E field
quantities E and D and magnetic quantities B and H form two separate vector pairs

In time-dependent cases, electric and magnetic field quantities are coupled.


Meaning, a time varying E and D will create B and H, and vice versa
SI units
In electromagnetics, four main SI units are used:

The units in Table 1-1 are derived units that can be expressed in terms of the
fundamentals unit; meters, kilograms, seconds, and amperes.
Universal constants
In the electromagnetic model, there are 3 universal constants in addition to the
field quantities, and SI units

They relate to properties of free space (vacuum)

These constants are: speed of an EM wave c, permittivity(related to electric field


quantities) of free space ɛ0, and permeability (related to magnetic field
quantities) of free space µ0
VECTOR ANALYSIS
Step 2 of creating the EM model was defining the rules of
operation
Many electromagnetic quantities are vectors so we must be able
to handle them with ease
Either by addition, subtraction or multiplication
Certain differential operators and theorems are required to
properly handle EM vectors: gradient, divergence and curl
operators as well as Stokes’ theorems
In order to express results in a 3-Dimensional space, a suitable
coordinate system must be chosen
Here, the three most common orthogonal coordinate systems will
be used: Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical coordinate systems
Vector algebra (addition and subtraction)
A vector has magnitude and direction. A vector A can be
written as A = a A
A

Where A = |A| which is a scalar

a = A / |A| is the unit vector having a magnitude of unity and


A

dimensionless .

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