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https://www.programiz.com/java-programming/online-
compiler/

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Programming Experiment -1

Develop a JAVA program to add TWO matrices of suitable order N(The value
of N should be read from command line arguments.)

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Inheritance
In Java, Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object-Oriented
Programming).

It is the mechanism in Java by which one class is allowed to inherit

the features(fields and methods) of another class.

In Java, Inheritance means creating new classes based on existing

ones.

A class that inherits from another class can reuse the methods and
fields of that class.

In addition, you can add new fields and methods to your current
class as well.

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Inheritance

Inheritance is one of the cornerstones of object-oriented programming because it

allows the creation of hierarchical classifications.

In the terminology of Java, a class that is inherited is called a superclass.

The class that does the inheriting is called a subclass.

Therefore, a subclass is a specialized version of a superclass. It inherits all of the

members defined by the superclass and adds its own, unique elements.

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Inheritance Basics

How to Use Inheritance in Java?

The extends keyword is used for inheritance in Java.

Using the extends keyword indicates you are derived from an existing class.

In other words, “extends” refers to increased functionality.

Syntax :

class derived-class extends base-class

{
//methods and fields
}
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Types of inheritance in java

Creating a Multilevel Hierarchy

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Member Access and Inheritance

a subclass includes all of the members of its superclass, it cannot

access those members of the superclass that have been declared as
private.

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A Superclass Variable Can Reference a Subclass Object

A reference variable of a superclass can be

assigned a reference to any subclass
derived from that superclass.

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Using super
Whenever a subclass needs to refer to its immediate superclass, it can do so
by use of the keyword super.

super has two general forms.

The first calls the superclass’ constructor.

The second is used to access a member of the superclass that has been
hidden by a member of a subclass.

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A Second Use for super

The second form of super acts somewhat like this, except that it always refers to
the superclass of the subclass in which it is used.

This usage has the followinggeneral form:

super. Member

Here, member can be either a method or an instance variable.

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Creating a Multilevel Hierarchy

Up to this point, we have been using simple class hierarchies that consist of
only a superclass and a subclass.

However, you can build hierarchies that contain as many layers of inheritance
as you like.

To see how a multilevel hierarchy can be useful, consider the following program.
In it, the subclass BoxWeight is used as a superclass to create the subclass called
Shipment.

Shipment inherits all of the traits of BoxWeight and Box, and adds a field called
cost, which holds the cost of shipping such a parcel.

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When Constructors Are Executed

When a class hierarchy is created, in what order are the constructors for the
classes that make up the hierarchy executed?

For example, given a subclass called B and a superclass called A, is A’s constructor
executed before B’s, or vice versa?

The answer is that in a class hierarchy, constructors complete their execution in order of
derivation, from superclass to subclass.

Further, since super( ) must be the first statement executed in a subclass’ constructor,
this order is the same whether or not super( ) is used.

If super( ) is not used, then the default or parameter less constructor of each superclass
will be executed.

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Method Overriding

In a class hierarchy, when a method in a subclass has the same name and
type signature as a method in its superclass, then the method in the subclass
is said to override the method in the superclass.

When an overridden method is called from within its subclass, it will

always refer to the version of that method defined by the subclass.

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Method overriding occurs only when the names and

the type signatures of the two methods are identical.

If they are not, then the two methods are simply

overloaded.

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Programming Experiment -2

Develop a stack class to hold a maximum of 10 integers with

suitable methods. Develop a JAVA main method to illustrate
Stack operations.

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Dynamic Method Dispatch

Method overriding forms the basis for one of Java’s most powerful
concepts: dynamic method dispatch.

Dynamic method dispatch is the mechanism by which a call to an

overridden method is resolved at run time, rather than compile time.

Dynamic method dispatch is important because this is how Java

implements run-time polymorphism.

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Interfaces

An Interface in Java programming language is defined as an abstract type used to specify the
behavior of a class.
An interface in Java is a blueprint of a behavior. A Java interface contains static constants and
abstract methods.

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Interfaces

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Implementing Interfaces

Once an interface has been defined, one or more classes can

implement that interface. To implement an interface, include the
implements clause in a class definition, and then create the
methods required by the interface.

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Nested Interfaces

An interface can be declared a member of a class or another interface. Such an

interface is called a member interface or a nested interface.

A nested interface can be declared as public, private, or protected.

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Here is an example that demonstrates a nested interface:

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Variables in Interfaces

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Interfaces Can Be Extended

One interface can inherit another by use of the keyword extends.

The syntax is the same as for inheriting classes.

When a class implements an interface that inherits another interface, it must provide
implementations for all methods required by the interface inheritance chain.

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Example:

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Default Method Fundamentals

An interface default method is defined similar to

the way a method is defined by
a class.

The primary difference is that the declaration is

preceded by the
keyword default.

For example, consider this simple interface:

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Use static Methods in an Interface

Here is the general form:

InterfaceName.staticMethodName

Notice that this is similar to the way that a static method in a class is called.

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Using final with Inheritance

The keyword final has three uses.

First, it can be used to create the equivalent of a named constant.

The other two uses of final apply to inheritance.

Using final to Prevent Overriding

Using final to Prevent Inheritance

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Using final to Prevent Overriding

Because meth( ) is declared as final, it cannot be overridden in B. If you

attempt to do so, a compile-time error will result.

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Using final to Prevent Inheritance

Sometimes you will want to prevent a class from being inherited. To do this,
precede the class declaration with final. Declaring a class as final implicitly
declares all of its methods as final, too.

As you might expect, it is illegal to declare a class as both abstract and final
since an abstract class is incomplete by itself and relies upon its subclasses to
provide complete implementations.

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The Object Class

There is one special class,

Object, defined by Java.

All other classes are

subclasses of Object.

That is, Object is a

superclass of all other classes.

This means that a reference

variable of type Object can
refer to an object of any other
class.

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