ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

ARCHITECTURE
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Title: Evaluating the effectiveness of Bishoftu Town Drinking water quality
system

Name of students Id No
1. Ahmedin Seman ........................UGR/19666/12
2. Biruk Asefa ...............................UGR/20462/12
3. Feseha Zewge............................ UGR/17105/11
4. Habtamu Dires ...........................UGR/17173/11

JUN 2024 G.C

ADAMA ETHIOPIA
 INTRODUCTION

General

 Water is a vital and essential resource for life on Earth. It is a

transparent, tasteless, and odorless substance that covers about
71% of the planet's surface.
 In this world, 97% of all water is undrinkable salty ocean water.
Most of Earth’s fresh water is unobtainable in the polar ice caps
and glaciers. Thus, only <1% remains of Earth’s water supply
consumed by many billion people

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knowledge
 Cont….
 There are two sources of drinking water which are groundwater

and surface water. Drinking water must be free from components which may

adversely affect the human health such as components that include minerals,
organic substances and disease causing microorganisms.

 To be safe for drinking, the contents of the water should comply the
standards set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)

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statment of problem

 The number of population in the town and the existing water are
not balanced because of :

 irregular addition of chlorine to the water

 lack of regular monitoring and testing of water quality

parametrs

 insufficient maintenance in non functional wells

 lack of community awareness about responsible water

usage.

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Objectiv of the study

 General objectiv
The general objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Bishoftu
Town drinking water quality system.
Specific Objectiv
 To characterize selected physio-chemical parameter of Bishoftu Town
drinking water.

 To identify the presence of specific contaminants or pollutants in drinking

water.

 To recommend water quality systems that will be the best options for the
town.
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 METHOD AND MATERIAL

The main contents :

 Study Area
 Method of Data collection
 Analysis of Water Samples

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Study Area

 Bishoftu town, also known as Debre Zeit, is a town in central

Ethiopia, situated about 47 kilometers southeast of Addis Ababa.
 The town's elevation, ranging from approximately 1,900 to 2,200

meters (6,234 to 7,218 feet) above sea level, contributes to its

temperate climate.
Figure 1. Study Area

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 Method of Data Collection

A) Primary Data: To analyze the effectiveness of Bishoftu town

drinking water, the following samples of water were collected from
different point of sources, from Cheleleka, Dukem, Maseltegna and
Konemegala.
 And the water quality parameters analyzed were pH, turbidity,
TDS, temperature, fluoride, electric conductivity, hardness
(Calcium, magnsuim) Fe, Mn and etc.

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 B) Secondary Data:

The secondary data were collected through per-planned

questionnaire and interview.
No Our question during in site visiting Technical assistance of respondent
answers
1. Which type of water source have you Our source is groundwater.
been using in the town?
2. How many wells are there in Totally we have 46 wells.
Bishoftutown?
3. How many wells are currently At this time 32 wells are functionally
functional? use.
4. How many drills are not functional at And the remaining 14 wells are not
current time? functional.
5. Why 14 wells are not functional? Due to insufficient maintenance.
6. How much is the maximum wells The maximum depth is 500m.
depth from the total 46 wells?
7. How much is the minimum wells The minimum depth is 300m.
depth from the total 46 wells?
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Capacity of the recent Reserviour

Capacity
S/No Skim Type Site Name(local name)
(m3)
1. Reservoir Dibayu 500
2. Reservoir Dibayu 200
3. Reservoir Dabeso 100
4. Reservoir Ganda Gorba 1000
5. Reservoir Babogaya/Birbirsa Foka 1000
6. Reservoir Ganda Biftu 500
7. Reservoir Gerbicha 200
8. Reservoir Kality 200
9. Reservoir Xadachaa 1500
10. Reservoir Ogecha 300
TOTAL 5500

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Analysis of Water Samples

The collected samples were analyzed using different methods/approach;

 pH: using pH meter
 Turbidity: using Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)
 Temperature, TDS and Electrical Conductivity: by using Hanna
Instrument
 Fluoride: by using Fluoride ion-selective electrode meter
 Hardness: Titration
 Fe and Mn: Titration

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A) Characterization of selected physio-chemical

parameters
Location of Water sampling wells : The water samples we
have taken from four different locations with four samples from
each location.

Figure 3.1 Wells at Dukem and Cheleleka

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Figure 3.2 Wells at Maseltegna and konemegla

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 Measurements of Fluoride
• i.Apparatus

Figure 3.3: Fluoride ion-selective meter and Beaker

ii.Procedure for fluoride test
1.Prepare and place the meter properly, or it won’t deliver an accurate reading
2.Take a sample of cold water from your faucet in a clean container

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3. Dip the end of the meter into your water and wait for a reading to show on
the display screen.
4. Repeat the process 3 times to ensure the readings are consistent.
5. Read and Record the results

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owledge
Measurments of turbidity

• Turbidity is a measurement of water clarity in surface . Clear water has low

turbidity and cloudy or murky water has a higher turbidity level.

• For national drinking water quality standards of turbidity that must be

followed is less than 5 NTU.

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i. Apparatuses to test turbiditis are
 Turbidity meter
 Beaker
 Water Samples

Figure 3.4 turbidity meter

ii. Procedures of to test Turbidity
1. Collect a sample cell in a clean beaker. Fill the sample clean to the line
(approximately 30mL)
2. Place the sample cell in the instrument cell compartment and close the lid.
3.Select manual or automatic range by pressing range key.
5 .Select the appropriate unit ( NTU) by pressing units key.
6. Read and record the results.

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Measurement of pH, Temperature ,TDS and
Electrical conductivity
 Water temperature is an important factor in determining whether a body
of water is acceptable for human consumption and use.
 pH: The pH of water is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. It ranges from
1 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
 Acidic Water: A pH less than 7 makes the water acidic.
 Alkaline Water: A pH greater than 7 makes the water alkaline (basic) it
affects human health's.

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 Conductivity of water is a measure of the capability of water to pass
electrical flow .
 High conductivity (above the standard): may indicate more
impurities(excessive dissolved substances , mineral content, chemicals,
pollution) in water. Can't recommend for human health and distribution
material corrosion problem.
 Low conductivity (below the standard): could suggest insufficient
mineral content or overly purified water.
 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): is a water quality measurement that refers
to materials that is dissolved in water body.
 The presence of dissolved solids in water may affect its taste.

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i. Apparatus
 pH meter and beaker

Figure 3.5: pH meter

ii. Procedures to test sample
1. prepare and store sample water in to beaker.
2. Place the electrode in the sample.
3. Press read, stabilizing will appear the sample temperature, pH and TDS
reading.
4. Record the pH, Temperature, Ec , and TDS.

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 Mesurments of water Hardness, Mn and Fe

 Water hardness: refers to the concentration of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium

and magnesium , in water.
 Hard Water: Forms solid deposits (scaling) of calcium and magnesium salts,
potentially damaging equipment. Soft Water: Can be corrosive, affecting plumbing
and appliances.
 The acceptable level of hardness is between 60-120 mg/L.

 Mn: Manganese is an essential trace element for human health, but excessive
concentrations can be neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease.
 The acceptable level of manganese is less than 0. 4 mg/L.

 Fe: Iron in drinking water is a natural contaminant that can affect both water quality
and appearance.
 The acceptable level of iron in drinking water is 0.3 mg/L (or 0.3 parts per million).

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Lab Results Summery
The following tables are shows lab results of each parametrs and basd on
the Guidline of WHO shows acceptable or not acceptable to drinking
Name of Dukem Chelelka Masel Konemega WHO Goodnes
purpos.
Parametrs tegna l s

Fluoride 3.42 3.87 3.28 4.72 1.5 Not good

(mg/L)
Turbidity 0.6 0.95 1.1 0.5 5  Good
(NTU)
Temperatur 24.6 24.8 25.3 25 22  Not
e good
TDS 217 285 291 283 600  good
(mg/L)
Electric 438 589 578 566 800  good
conductivity
(mg/L)

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Hardness , ) 6,3 7,5 5,4 9,6 60-120  Not
(mg/L) good
respectivly

Manganese(Mn 0.19 0.29 0.22 0.24 0.4  good

) mg/L

Iron(Fe) mg/L 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.09 0.3  good

pH 7.98 7.33 7.91 7.63 7.2  Not

good

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B) Recommend water quality systems that will be the best options for the
town.

• Based on lab results the Overall quality of water do not meet for drinking
purpose due to the elevated concentration of Fluoride, Temperature, Ca,
Mg and pH .
When comparing with World Health Organization Guidelines. So, the
following unit adjestmens should be provided to over come the problems.

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To adjest the elevated parameters

A) To lower the pH: water is too alkaline (high pH), we can lower the pH by adding
acidic substances. For example, we can use food-grade citric acid to bring down the pH.
B) To Remove Fluoride From water

Reverse Osmosis : is a water filtration process that uses a semipermeable membrane to

remove contaminants, including fluoride ions. It is an effective method for reducing high
flouride cncentration levels.
Activated Alumina Filters:Activated alumina is a porous form of aluminum oxide that is
commonly used as a filter media to remove fluoride ions from water.

It works through a process called adsorption, where fluoride ions are attracted to the
surface of the alumina and removed from the water as it passes through.

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C) Temperature
• Using a Water Cooler : Adjust the settings to lower the water temperature to
the desired level.
• Refrigeration: refers to the process of cooling or lowering the temperature of
a substance or an enclosed space.

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owledge
 D) Hardness adjustment
 Water Hardening Agents: such as calcium chloride or magnesium
sulfate, can be added to soft water to increase its mineral content
.
 Blending Water : mix soft water with hard water in controlled
proportions to achieve the desired level of hardness.

 Water Filtration Systems: Certain water filtration systems, such as

reverse osmosis (RO) systems, can remove minerals from water.

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 CONCLUSION
Water samples from four locations in Bishoftu town were tested for fluoride,
turbidity, TDS, pH, Temperature , conductivity, hardness, Mn, and Fe,
and our lab results with recommended value of WHO in all sample
parameters are ;
Fluoride WHO guidelines is 1.5 and recorded result is (max 3.87, min 3.82)
mg/L, pH WHO guideline 7.2 and recorded result (max 7.98, min 7.33).
Temperature WHO guideline 22 and recorded result is (max 24.6, min 25),

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turbidity WHO guideline 5NTU recorded result (max 1.1 min 0.5)NTU.
TDS WHO guideline 600mg/L and recorded result (max 291 min 217)mg/L.
electrical conductivity WHO guideline 800 recorded result ( max 589 min
438) . Fe WHO standard is 0.3 and recorded result(max 0.1 min 0.02)mg/L,
hardness WHO guideline 60-120 mg/L and recorded is (max 9 min 3) mg/L,
Mn WHO guideline 0.4mg/L and recorded ( max 0.29 , min 0.19) mg/L.

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RECOMDATION

During this senior project we observed the following problems which should be
resolved. So, we would like to recommend the following:
1. For the university and water resource engineering department:
 Absence of standard laboratory and reagents in our university for testing
all selected parameters.
 Problem of transportation facility and sufficient budget should be solved
for the future when working senior project and related activities.

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2. For the municipality of Bishoftu Town:

Some wells are not functional due to lack of regular maintenance, and related
activities. So we would like to recommend the followings:
 Create and enforce a consistent maintenance schedule for all well component
 Develop a program for regular monitoring and testing quality parametrs
 Initiate the programs to raise community awareness about responsible water
usage, Health and safety, environmental protection, infrastructure
maintenance.

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THANK YOU !!!