Defining Networks with the OSI Model

Module 2
Objectives
Skills Concepts Objective Domain Objective
Description Domain
Number
Understanding OSI Basics Understand the OSI 3.1
Defining the Model
Communications
Subnetwork
Defining the Upper OSI
Layers
Defining the Understand Switches 3.1
Communications
Subnetwork
Standards
• Standards are sets of rules that ensure hardware and
software released from different companies work together
• Examples of Organizations that Coordinate Standards:

International American National International Electrical

Organization for Standards Institute and Electronics
Standardization (ISO) – (ANSI) – Responsible Engineers (IEEE) –
Federation of for coordinating and Professional
standards publishing computer organization for the
organizations from and information electrical and
multiple nations technology standards electronics field
in the United States
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
• The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model
is used to define how data communication occurs between
devices
• The model is divided into 7 layers, each layer providing
services to the layers above and below
Layer Defines
Layer 7 – Application Layer Enables users and applications to access network
services
Layer 6 – Presentation Layer Translates data into a common format
Layer 5 – Session Layer Establishes a communication session between
devices
Layer 4 – Transport Layer Manages message fragmentation and reassembly
Layer 3 – Network Layer Manages data routing and creating sub networks
Layer 2 – Data Link Layer Provides error-free transfer of data frames
OSI Model Layers

Layer Protocol Data Layer Protocol Data

Unit (PDU) Unit (PDU)

Application Data Application Data

Presentation Data Presentation Data
Session Data Session Data
Transport Segment Transport Segment
Network Packet Network Packet
Data Link Frame Data Link Frame
Physical Bits Physical Bits

The Wire
Layer 1 – Physical Layer
• Defines the physical and electrical medium for data
transfer
• Physical layer components: cables, jacks, patch panels,
punch blocks, hubs, and MAUs
• Physical layer concepts: topologies, analog versus
digital/encoding, bit synchronization, baseband versus
broadband, multiplexing, and serial data transfer
• Unit of measurement: Bits
Ethernet Standards
• LAN standard providing a communication method for high
speed data exchange among devices
• Defined Physical and Data Link Layer
• 100BASE-T
• 100 for 100 Mbps
• BASE for baseband
• T for twisted-pair cabling

• Baseband refers to the fact that devices on the network

use digital signaling over a single frequency
• Broadband systems use analog signaling over a range of
frequencies enabling multiple channels over the same
physical medium
Layer 2 – Data Link Layer
• Establishes, maintains, and decides how transfer is
accomplished over the physical layer and ensures error-
free transmission over the physical layer
• Physical addresses (the hexadecimal address that is
burned into the ROM of the NIC), known as the MAC
address uniquely identify each hardware device work at
the Data Link Layer
• Data Link Layer components: network interface cards and
bridges
• Unit of measurement: frames
Media Access Control Address
• Network adapters on an Ethernet network have unique
Media Access Control (MAC) addresses
• MAC addresses are unique identifiers assigned to network
adapters by the manufacturer
• MAC address is six octets in length written in hexadecimal
Layer 2 Switches
• Layer 2 switches are hardware-based and use the MAC
address of each host computer’s network adapter when
deciding where to direct data frames
• Ports on the switch are mapped to the specific MAC
address of the device attached
00:2a:db:38:9c:f1

23:5c:f7:da:9c:32
Virtual LAN (VLAN)
• Layer 2 switching can also allow for a virtual LAN (VLAN)
to be implemented.
• A VLAN is implemented to segment and organize the
network, to reduce collisions, boost performance
• IEEE 802.1Q is the standard that supports VLANs
• A tag is added to the data frame to identify the VLAN

VLAN VLAN
2 1
Layer 3 – Network Layer
• Controls the operations of routing and switching
information to different networks
• Translates logical addresses or names to physical
addresses
• Internet Protocol (IP) is a Network Layer protocol
• Devices that work at the network layer are routers and IP
switches
• Network Layer components: IP addresses, subnets
• Unit of measurement: packets
Layer 3 Switches
• Switches can also reside on the network layer
• A layer 3 switch determines paths for data using logical
addressing (IP addresses) instead of physical addressing
(MAC addresses for a layer 2 switch)
• Layer 3 switches forward packets, whereas layer 2
switches forward frames
192.168.1.1

192.168.2.1
Layer 4 – Transport Layer
• This layer ensures messages are delivered error-free, in
sequence and with no losses or duplications
• Protocols that work at this layer segment messages,
ensure correct reassembly at the receiving end, perform
message acknowledgement and message traffic control
• The Transport Layer contains both connection-oriented and
connectionless protocols
• Unit of measurement used: segments or messages
Connection Oriented Communications
• Require both devices involved in the communication
establish an end-to-end logical connection before data can
be sent
• These communications are considered reliable network
services
• Packets not received by
Hello! I amthe
a destination device can be
PC
resent by the sender Hello! I am a
Server!

I want to send
you something
important!
Ok, I will
watch for it!
Connectionless Communications
• End-to-end connection is not necessary before data is sent
• Every packet that is sent has the destination address in
the header
• Sufficient to move independent packets, such as in
streaming media
• Datagram delivery is not guaranteed and lost packets
LISTEN TO ME!!!
cannot be resent

AAAaaaahhh!!!!¬.
Connection-based Protocols
• The Transport Layer contains both connection-oriented and
connectionless protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides a connection-
based, reliable, byte-stream service to programs
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides a connectionless,
unreliable transport service
TCP and UDP
• TCP transport is used for logging on, file and print sharing,
replication of information between domain controllers,
transfer of browse lists, and other common functions. TCP
can only be used for one-to-one communications.
• UDP is often used for one-to-many communications, using
broadcast or multicast IP datagrams

Protocol Type Example

Transmission Control Connection-oriented Web browser

Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol Connectionless Streaming media
(UDP)
Ports
• Ports are a Layer 4 protocol that a computer uses for data
transmission
• Ports act as logical communications endpoint for specific
program on computers for delivery of data sent
• There are a total of 65,536 ports, numbering between 0
and 65,535
• Ports are defined by the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority or IANA and divided into categories
Ports
Layer 5 – Session Layer
• The Session Layer manages session establishment,
maintenance and termination between network devices
• Example: when you log on and log off
• This layer controls the name and address database for the
OS
• NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System) is a protocol
that works at this layer
Layer 6 – Presentation Layer
• This layer translates the data format from sender to
receiver in the various OSes that may be used
• Presentation Layer concepts include: character code
conversion, data compression, and data encryption
• Redirectors work on this layer, such as mapped network
drives that enable a computer to access file shares on a
remote computer
Layer 7 – Application Layer
• Serves as a the window for users and application
processes to access network services
• This layer is where message creation begins
• End-user protocols such as FTP, SMTP, Telnet, and RAS
work at this layer
• This layer is not the application itself, but the protocols
that are initiated by this layer
OSI Model Revisited

Layer Protocol Device

7 – Application FTP, HTTP, POP3, Gateway
SMTP
6 – Presentation Compression, N/A
Encryption
5 – Session Logon/Logoff N/A
4 – Transport TCP, UDP N/A
3 – Network IP, ICMP, ARP, RIP Routers
2 – Data Link 802.3, 803.5 NICs, Switches,
Bridges, WAPs
1 – Physical 100BASE-T, Hubs, Patch Panels,
1000BASE-X RJ45 Jacks
TCP Model
• The TCP/IP model is similar to the OSI model
• This model is composed of only four layers

Layer Description Protocols

Application Defines TCP/IP application protocols HTTP, Telnet, FTP, SMNP,
Layer DNS
Transport Layer Provides communication session TCP, UDP, RTP
management
Internet Layer Packages and routes data IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP

Network Details how data is physically sent Ethernet, Token Ring,

Interface through the network Frame Relay
OSI Model compared to TCP Model

OSI Model TCP Model

Application Layer
Presentation Layer Application Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Internet Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Access Layer
Physical Layer

• The OSI Physical layer is skipped altogether on the TCP

model
Summary
• Understand the OSI model by defining each of the layers
from a theory perspective
• Be able to separate the functions of the lower levels of the
OSI model, from the upper levels where message creation
begins.
• Understand the differences between layer 2 and layer 3
switches, and gain a basic understanding of how they
operate.
• Differentiate between the OSI model and the TCP model.
Additional Resources & Next Steps
Instructor-Led Courses
• 40033A: Windows Operating System and
Windows Server Fundamentals: Training 2-
Pack for MTA Exams 98-349 and 98-365 (5
Days)
• 40349A: Windows Operating System
Fundamentals: MTA Exam 98-349 (3 Days)
• 40032A: Networking and Security
Fundamentals: Training 2-Pack for MTA
Exams 98-366 and 98-367 (5 Days)
• 40366A: Networking Fundamentals: MTA
Books
• Exam 98-366: MTA
Exam 98-366 Exams &
Networking Certification
Fundamentals
(Microsoft Official s
Academic Course) • Exam 98-366:
Networking
Fundamentals
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