Lecture 01

CSC 101 – Introduction

to Computing
Course Information
Books
Assessment Plan for the Course:
Major Topics Covered in the
Course
Course Learning
Outcomes
Plagiarism Policy

 Any assignment found 20% or more

copied from the internet will be
marked 0 (ZERO).
 Any assignment copied from the
class mate will also be marked 0
(ZERO).
 Both for the source and the copied one.
 No consideration will be made
regarding plagiarized assignments.
Attendance Policy

 Any student late in class by 15 min

shall be marked absent.
Contact

 Office
 Ground Floor, CS Dept, Academic Block II

 Email
 [email protected]
Lecture 01
Outline
 Definition of IT
 Computer Technology
 Communication Technology
 Role of IT in Society
 Models:
 Turing Model,
 Von Neumann Model;
 Input Devices:
 Keyboard,
 Pointing & Touch Devices,
 Game Controllers,
 Optical Input Devices, Audio Visual Devices;
 Output Devices:
 Monitors,
 Audio Output,
 Printers & Plotters.
What is Information
Technology

 Fusion of computer and communication

technology
 Computer Technology
 programmable, multiuse machine that accepts

data and processes it into usable information

▪ summaries, totals, or reports

 used to speed up problem solving and increase

productivity.
What is Information
Technology
 Communication Technology
 consists of electromagnetic/optical devices and

systems for communicating over long distances

 InfoTech or IT is any technology that helps to
produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or
disseminate information
 merges computing with high-speed communications
links carrying data, sound, and video
Exercise

 How have you been using

communication Technology in
your life?
Some examples of IT
 Image Morphing
 changing (or morphing) one image into another through
a seamless transition

Image Courtesy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphing

  Image Morphing?
 Turbo Teen

/
Some examples of IT

 Video Conferencing
Some examples of IT

 GPS Tracking
 Track your vehicles, wherever they go,
using GPS.
What is a Computer and
What Does it Do?
• Computer
– A programmable, electronic device that accepts data,
performs operations on that data, and stores the data
– Follows instructions, called programs, which determine the
tasks the computer will perform
• Basic Operations
– Input: Entering data into the computer
– Processing: Performing operations on the data
– Output: Presenting the results
– Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use
– Communications: Sending or receiving data
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Communication Defined
 Communication: To transfer data/information from one

point to another
▪ Using Wires
▪ Electrical Signals

▪ Optical Signals (Light)

▪ Wirelessly
▪ ElectroMagnetic Waves

▪ Using Analog Signals

▪ Using Digital Signals

Related IT terms

 What is a Network?
 communications system connecting two or

more computers with/without wires

 What does being online mean?
 using a computer or other information device,

connected through a voice or data network, to

access information and services from another
computer or information device
Related IT terms
Cyberspace
 encompasses the whole wired and wireless world of
communications
The Internet
the “network of all networks”
Multimedia
technology that presents information in more than one
medium, such as text, still images, moving images, and sound
World Wide Web
“graphical side of the Internet”
global network of linked documents on the Internet
Related IT terms

The E-word ; E Stands for Electronic

E-mail

E-learning

E-business

E-commerce

E-government
Exercise

 Generatea list of ways the

computer/IT has impacted the world.
 Include both positive changes and
negative changes.
 think creatively.
Who Uses
Computers?
Musicians
Military
Filmmakers
Doctors
Attorneys
Educators
Bankers
Engineers
Architects
Computers In Society

 Computers at home
▪ Business
▪ Entertainment
▪ Communication
▪ Education

1A-27
Computers In Society

 Computers in education
 Computer literacy required at all levels
 Computers in small business
 Makes businesses more profitable
 Allows owners to manage
 Computers in industry
 Computers are used to design products
 Assembly lines are automated

1A-28
Computers In Society

 Computers in government
 Necessary to track data for population
▪ Police officers
▪ Tax calculation and collection
 Governments were the first computer
users

1A-29
Computers in the
Home
• Computers used for a variety of tasks:
– Looking up information and news
– Exchanging e-mail
– Shopping and paying bills
– Watching TV and videos
– Downloading music and movies
– Organizing digital photographs
– Playing games
– Making vacation plans

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Computers in the
Home
• Used for reference, productivity, and entertainment
• Wireless networking
– Computers can be used in nearly any location
• Smart appliances
– Traditional appliances with built-in computer or
communication technology
• Smart homes
– Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main
computer in the house

31
Computers in Education
• Youth today: the computing generation
• Computer labs and classrooms
– Most students today have access to computers at school
– Some schools integrate e-books into the curriculum
• Wireless hotspots
– Colleges and universities are even more integrated
– Some have computer requirements for enrollment
• Supplied or Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
• Distance learning
– Students participate from locations other than the traditional
classroom setting using computers and Internet access

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Computers in Education

33
Computers on the Job
• Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool for
decision-making, productivity, and communication
– By all types of employees
– For access control and other security measures
– For service professional use
– Extensively by the military
– Requires continually refreshing computer skills
– Common uses:
– Decision making, productivity, off-site communications,
and authentication

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Computers on the Job

35
Computers on the Go
• Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life
– Consumer kiosks
– ATM transactions
– POS systems at retail stores
– Self-checkout systems
– Consumer authentication systems
– Portable computers or mobile devices
– GPS systems

36
Technology and You
Restaurant iPad Ordering Systems
– Used in conjunction with e-menus
– Customers can place and pay for orders
– Can provide more resources to customers

37
Computers In Health
Care
 Computers in health care
 Revolutionized health care
 New treatments possible
 Scheduling of patients has improved
 Delivery of medicine is safer

1A-38
 Allen Turing (1912-1954)

The Turing Machine Aka The Universal

Machine (1936) includes
A conceptual Tape that extends infinitely to
both directions
 Holds the input to the turing machine
 Serves as memory
 The tape is divided in cells
A unit that reads one cell of the tape and
writes a symbol in that cell
 John von Neumann
A processing unit with
both an arithmetic
logic
unit and processor
registers
 A control unit that
includes an instruction
register and a program
counter
 Memory that
stores data and instruc
 Input Devices
 Hardware used to enter data and
instructions

41
Two Common Input Devices

 Keyboard

 Mouse

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The Keyboard
 First peripheral to be used with
computers
 The most common input device for
inputting text and numbers
 About 100 keys
 Must be proficient with keyboard
 Skill is called keyboarding

43
44
The Mouse
 All modern computers have a
variant
 Allows users to select objects
 Pointer moved by the mouse
 Mechanical mouse
 Rubber ball determines direction and
speed
 The ball often requires cleaning
 Optical mouse
 Light shown onto mouse pad
 Reflection determines speed and
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The Mouse
mouse buttons
wheel
button

ball

46
Optical Mouse

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Benefits of Using
Mouse
 Pointer positioning is fast

 Menu interaction is easy

 Users can draw electronically

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Touch Screens
 accept input by
allowing the user to
place a fingertip
directly on the
computer screen
 Use sensors to detect
touch
 Well suited for simple
applications
 ATM
 Public information kiosk

49
Touch Screens
 work well in environments where dirt
or weather would render keyboards
and pointing devices useless, and
 where a simple, intuitive interface is
important.
 Touch screens have become common
in
 fast-food restaurants,
 department stores,
 drugstores, and supermarkets,
 where they are used for all kinds of
purposes, from creating personalized
greeting cards to selling lottery tickets. 50
Game Controllers

 Enhances gaming experience

 Provide custom input to the game
 Modern controllers offer feedback
 Two broad Categories
 Joystick
 Game pad

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Joystick
 Around for long time
 Can be used other than games
 enable the user to “ fly” or “ drive”
through a game, directing a
vehicle or character
 popular in racing and flying games
 One variant is the racing game
controller, which includes an actual
steering wheel
 some racing game controllers even
include foot pedals and gearshifts
52
Game Pad
 is a small, flat device that usually
provides two sets of controls— one
for each hand.
 extremely flexible and are used to
control many kinds of games
 If you do not have a joystick, you
can use a game pad to control most
racing and flying games.
 Many computer games still provide
support for a mouse or keyboard, so
a dedicated game controller is not
always required 53
Optical Input Devices
 Allows the computer to
see input
 Bar code readers
 Converts bar codes to
numbers
▪ UPC Universal Product Code
 Computer find number in
a database
 Works by reflecting light
▪ Amount of reflected light
indicates number

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Bar Code Reading Process

 reader emits a beam of that is reflected by

the bar code image
 light-sensitive detector identifies the bar
code image by recognizing special bars at
both ends of the image
 special bars are different, so the reader
can tell whether the bar code has been
read right-side up or upside down
 After detector has identified the bar code,
it converts the individual bar patterns into
numeric digits code the computer can
understand
 reader then feeds the data into the
computer 55
 Image Scanners

 Converts printed media into

electronic
 Reflects light on the image
 Sensors read the intensity
 Filters determine color depths

56
 How an Image is
Scanned
A light source is moved across a
printed page
 The light bounces off the page
and is passed through a lens
 And onto the light sensitive
diodes which converts light to
electricity. There are usually
300-600 diodes per inch.
 A circuit board converts the
electricity to numbers and send
the information to the 57
Audiovisual Input
Devices
 Microphones
 Used to record speech
 Speech recognition
▪ “Understands” human speech
▪ Allows dictation or control of computer
▪ Matches spoken sound to known phonemes
▪ Enters best match into document

58
Speech Recognition
 demand for translating spoken
words into text
 Translating voice to text is a
capability known as speech
recognition (or voice
recognition).
 With it, you can dictate to the
computer instead of typing, and
you can control the computer
with simple commands
 translates Phonemes into text or
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 Other type of Audio
Input
 Computers can accept many kinds of
audio input
 Sound card with the appropriate plugs
 a compact disc
 a tape player
 a radio or
 even a record player
 Ifthe audio source outputs sounds in
the form of analog, sound card must
convert the analog signals into digital
code so the computer can store and
use it.
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Video Input
 With growth of multimedia and
the Internet, computer users are
adding video input capabilities
to their systems in great
numbers
 Applications such as video
conferencing enable people to
use full-motion video images
 Videos are commonly used in
presentations and on Web pages
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Video Camera and Webcam
 video cameras used with
computers digitize images by
breaking them into individual pixels
 pixel is one or more dots that
express a portion of an image
 Each pixel’s color and other
characteristics are stored as digital
code
 With Webcam the user can
“capture” images of himself or
herself while working at the
computer
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Digital Cameras
 portable, handheld devices that
capture still images
 digitizes the image
 compresses it, and
 stores it on a special memory
card.
 user can then copy the
information to a PC, where the
image can be edited, copied,
printed, embedded in a document,
or transmitted to another user
63
Digital Cameras
 Digital cameras have become standard
equipment for designers of all kinds.
 In Web page design, digital cameras enable
designers to shoot a subject and quickly load
the images onto their computers.
 This process saves the step of acquiring
existing photographs or developing and
printing film-based photos—which must be
scanned into the computer.
 Designers can update a Web site’s
illustrations quickly and regularly using
digital cameras.
 Graphic designers can edit and enhance
digital photographs in innumerable ways,
using photo-editing software 64
Monitors
 Most common output device
 Connects to the video card or
controller
 Two types
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
 Flat-panel
 Categorized by color output
 Monochrome
▪ One color with black background
 Grayscale
▪ Varying degrees of gray
 Color
▪ Display 4 to 16 million colors 65
Cathode Ray Tube
(CRT)
 Most common type of monitor

66
Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD)
 Commonly found on laptops
 Desktop versions exist
 Solve the problems of CRT
 Fluorescent lights provide
illumination

67
Plasma Display Panel
(PDP)
 Utilizessmall cells containing
electrically charged ionized
gases called fluorescent lamps
 Advantages
 Better picture quality
 Wider viewing angles
 Less visible motion blur
 Disadvantages
 Screen burn-in
 Uses more electricity than LCDs

68
Light Emitting Diodes
(LED)
 uses light-emitting diodes as a video
display
 produce images with greater
dynamic contrast;
 can be extremely slim, some
screens less than half an inch (0.92
cm) thick;[6]
 produce less environmental
pollution on disposal;
 are more expensive;
 have typically 20 to 30% lower
power consumption 69
Sound Systems

 Integralpart of the computer

experience
 Capable of recording and playback

70
Sound Cards
 Device between the CPU and
speakers
 Converts digital sounds to
analog
 Can be connected to several
devices
 Modern cards support Dolby
Surround Sound

71
Headphones and
Headsets
 Replacement for speakers and
microphones
 Offer privacy
 Does not annoy other people
 Outside noise is not a factor
 Headsets have speakers and a
microphone

72
Commonly Used
Printers
 Impact printers
 Generate output by striking the paper
 Uses an inked ribbon
 Most common
▪ Dot Matrix
▪ Line Printer and Band Printers
 Non-impact printers
 Use methods other than force
 Tend to be quiet and fast
 Most Common
▪ Ink jet and Laser
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Dot Matrix Printer

 Can produce sheets of plain text

very quickly
 Used to print to multi-sheet pages
 Printing on wide-sheet paper
 Print head strikes inked ribbon
 Speed measured in characters per
second (CPS)

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 Dot Matrix Printer
Parts

75
Dot Matrix Printhead Mechanism
 Print head Mechanism
 which contains a cluster (or matrix) of short
pins arranged in one or more columns.
 Printer
can push any of the pins out in any
combination.
 By pushing out pins in various
combinations, the print head can create
alphanumeric characters
 Forms a character by creating a series of
dots.

76
How Image is
created?
 When pushed out from the duster, the
protruding pins’ ends strike a ribbon
 which is held in place between the print
head and the paper.
 When the pins strike the ribbon, they
press ink from the ribbon onto the
paper.
 More pins that a print head contains,
the higher the printer’s resolution
 Slowest dot matrix printers create 50
to 70 cps
 Fastest more than 500 cps

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Laser Printer
 Non-impact printer
 Works on a similar process as
photocopier
 Laser is at the heart of these
printers.
 Produces high quality
documents
 Color or black and white
 Speed measured in pages per
minute
 Quality expressed as dots per
78
How Laser Creates an Image

79
Laser Printer Technology

80
Plotters

 Large high quality blueprints

 Older models draw with pens
 Operational costs are low
 Output is very slow

81
Summary
 Definition of IT
 Computer Technology
 Communication Technology
 Role of IT in Society
 Models:
 Turing Model,
 Von Neumann Model;
 Input Devices:
 Keyboard,
 Pointing & Touch Devices,
 Game Controllers,
 Optical Input Devices, Audio Visual Devices;
 Output Devices:
 Monitors,
 Audio Output,
 Printers & Plotters.