PARTS OF

SPEECH
 8 PARTS OF
SPEECH
There are eight parts
of speech in the
• NOUN English Language. The
• PRONOUN parts of speech tell us
• VERB
• ADJECTIVE
how the word
• ADVERB functions in meaning
• PREPOSITION as well its use in
• CONJUNCTION
• INTERJECTION
grammar.
Understanding them is
essential to deliver the
 NOUN
A noun is a word for a
person, place, thing or
idea. Nouns are
sometimes used with
articles
(a, an, the).
EXAMPLES:
boy, restaurant, dog,
hope
 PRONO
UN
A pronoun is a word that
takes place of a noun. A
pronoun is used to substitute
for a specific noun which is
called the antecedent.
EXAMPLES:
he, she, we, they, our,
me
 VERB EXAMPLES:
Action: walk, run,
A verb tells what swim, jump, sing
action someone
or something is State of Being:
doing. It also am, was, are
expresses state
of being.
 ADJECTIV
E
An adjective describes a
noun or a pronoun. It
usually answers the
question of how many, what
kind, or which one.
EXAMPLES:

happy, strong, less, few,

purple, beautiful
 ADVERB
An adverb is a word that
describes a verb,
adjective, or another
adverb. It usually answers
the question of when,
where, how, why, under
what conditions, or to what
EXAMPLES:
degree. yesterday, here,
perfectly,
completely
 PREPOSITIO
N
A preposition relates a noun or a
pronoun to another word in the
sentence. It is usually placed before
a noun or pronoun to form a phrase
modifying another word in the
sentence.
EXAMPLES:
by, with, about, until, during, across
 CONJUNCTI
A
ON
conjunction joins words,
phrases, or clauses. It indicates
the relationship between the
elements joined.
EXAMPLES:
and, but, or, while, because
 INTERJECTI EXAMPLES:
ON
An interjection is a Oh!
word that expresses Wow!
an emotion or Oh my!
strong feelings. It is
often followed by an Oops!
exclamation point.
 CHUNKING
• involves breaking down a sentence
into smaller, manageable parts
(phrases or clause) to better
understand its structure and
meaning
HOW TO CHUNK A SENTENCE
1. Identify main clauses (main
subject and verb).
2. Identify dependent clauses and
phrases (additional information)
3. Separate into chunks (logical
parts)
CHUNKING CHART
EXAMPLE
 Paraphrasing
The art of saying
exactly what the source
said -- not exactly
COMMON TYPES OF
PARAPHRASING
 By Changing Parts of Speech
• Original Sentence: The student
quickly submitted the quiz paper as
the Math teacher said that time is
up.
• Paraphrased: The quick student
passed his quiz paper when the
teacher in Math said that time is up.
 By Changing Structure
• Original Sentence: Many people
were inspired by the sacrifices and
dedication of the frontliners.
(Passive)
• Paraphrased: The frontliners’
sacrifices and dedication inspired
many people. (Active)
 By Synonym Replacement
• Original Sentence: Older citizens
were more vulnerable to COVID-19
disease.
• Paraphrased: Senior citizens were
more at risk of COVID-19 disease.
 How to Paraphrase

1. Carefully read the passage that

you want to paraphrase.
2. Identify the part of speech of each
word in the sentence.
3. Divide the sentence into chunks.
4. Rewrite in your own words
1. I am optimistic.
2. The teacher gave the class a task for
the group activity.
3. Many Batanguenos suffered a great
loss after the typhoon.
4. Let us donate and help typhoon
victims.
5. The weather bureau is monitoring
another typhoon today.
 I am happy because I received a
present from my parents.

I- pronoun a-adjective
am-verb present-noun
happy-adjective from-preposition
because- my-pronoun
conjunction
I-pronoun parents-noun
received-verb
 I am happy because I received a
present from my parents.

CHUNK CHUNK TYPE

I subject
am happy verb phrase
because I received a dependent clause
present
from my parents prepositional phrase
 I am happy because I received a
present from my parents.

CHUNK CHUNK TYPE

I am happy independent clause
because I received a dependent clause
present
from my parents prepositional phrase
 I am happy because I received a
present from my parents.
• I am happy (delighted, glad, merry,
cheerful, ecstatic, pleased…)
• because (since, as) I received (got,
accepted, acquired…) a present (gift)
• from my parents (father and mother)
 ORIGINAL: I am happy because I
received a present from my parents.
• PARAPHRASED VERSION:
1.I am delighted since I got a gift from
my father and mother.
2.I am glad to accept the gift given by
my father and mother.
3.My father and mother gave me a gift,
so I am ecstatic.
Actions speak louder than words.

Actions-noun
speak-verb
louder-adverb
than-conjunction
words-noun
Actions speak louder than words.
CHUNK CHUNK TYPE
Actions subject
speak verb
than words Prepositional
phrase/ subordinate
clause
 ORIGINAL: Actions speak louder
than words.
• PARAPHRASED VERSION:

What you do matters more

than what you say.
  is written to state the
main purpose or
argument of your
Thesi writing
s  serves as the guide for
the essay (gives direction)
Stateme  requires proof to become
nt convincing
 can be explicit or
implicit
 Maria glared at
her mother,
Explic quickly spun on
it vs. her heels, and
Implic slammed the door
it so hard the
neighbors
probably heard.
 The most significant
problems facing
Explic Africa are poverty,
political corruption,
it vs. and poor health care.
Implic There are several
it serious problems
facing Africa today
that require
attention.
 Thesis
Stateme
nt
vs.
Topic
Sentenc
e
  is usually the first
sentence of a
Topic
Sentenc paragraph that
e signals to the reader
what the paragraph’s
main idea will be
  Expository-explains a
situation to the reader;
discusses facts of a topic
Kinds of
Thesis  Example:
Stateme
nts  Attentive listening relies on
asking the right questions,
building strong relationships,
and having an open mind.
  Argumentative- convinces the
reader to believe in a specific
point of view; makes claim about
Kinds of a topic and defends this claim
Thesis with evidence
Stateme  Example:
nts
 Because junk food is bad for your
health, the size of sodas offered at
fast food restaurants should be
regulated by the government.
  Analytical-states the topic of your
paper, what specifically you
analyzed, and the conclusion(s)

Kinds of you reached as a result of that

Thesis analysis.
Stateme  Example:
nts
 An analysis of alternatives to fossil
fuel energies indicates that a better
option is the use of solar and wind
power.
Key Elements
for a Strong
Thesis
Statement
 Weak: Barack Obama
won the 2008 Presidential
election.
1. It is Strong: Barack Obama
not a won the 2008 Presidential
fact. It election because his
grassroots campaign
is performed well in rural
argua counties, his promise
ble. about creating new jobs
resonated, and rust-belt
voters wanted a change
in party leadership.
 Weak: This paper
discusses the
advantages and
disadvantages of
2. It is
owning a pet.
not an Strong: Owning a pet
announcem
ent.
brings good than
burden because they
can lower stress levels,
make one feel safe,
and teach their owners
responsibility.
 Weak: Too much
alcohol consumption
Strong: Excessive
3. It is alcohol consumption
not a increases the risk of
fragme health problems as it
nt. may cause liver
damage, stomach
distress, and even
cancer.
 Weak: Social media
impacts public
awareness in both
4. It positive and negative
takes ways.
a Strong: Because not
stand. every voice on social
media is reliable, people
should be more critical
consumers of
information.
 To make your thesis
statement persuasive,
5. It
facts, surveys,
requir
reports, etc. should be
es
used as proof or
suppo
evidences to support
rt.
your claim or opinion
on the topic.
CRAFTING A
THESIS
STATEMENT
 Topic
Three controlling idea
major (belief/view/ feeling
parts of
a thesis
about the topic)
statem sub-topics (areas
ent you will focus on to
support your idea)
 Topic- whatever the
Three overall essay is about
major Claim- your argument; a
parts of stance on the issue you
brought up in the topic
a thesis “So what?”- the reason
statem why your readers should
ent care about the point
you’re making
 College students should

be encouraged to pursue a
Thesis
career in science because
statem
ent of the large number of job

options and the higher

salaries.
OUTLININ
G
  Think of an outline as a skeleton
you must assemble bone by bone,
or as a puzzle in which you must
put all the pieces in their correct
The places in order to see the full
Outline picture.

 The more fully you can come to

understand the outline, the more
fully you will experience its
usefulness.
  Outlining is an organizational skill
that will develop your ability to think
in a clear and logical manner.

 An outline can help you synthesize

The the most important information in a
Outline paragraph or essay.

 The information in the outline is a

quick check on whether the
paragraph or essay is unified, well
supported, and well organized.
 Roman numerals (I,
II, III…)
Capital letters (A, B,
Symbols C…)
Used Arabic numbers (1, 2,
3…)
Lowercase letters (a,
b, c…)
 Types of I.Main Idea
Outline
(based on A. Supporting Detail
structure/ B. Supporting Detail
format) 1. Example
Traditiona 2. Example
l/ 3. Example
Number- I.Main Idea
Letter
Sequence/ II.Main Idea
Types of
Outline 1. Main Idea
(based 1. 1. Supporting Detail
on 1. 2. Supporting Detail
structur 1. 2. 1. Example
e/ 1. 2. 2. Example
format) 1. 2. 3. Example
2. Main Idea
Modern/ 3. Main Idea
Decimal
 I. Different types of friends
A. Best Friends
B. Social Friends
Types of C. Acquaintances
Outline 1. people with whom
(based you
on associate
entries) due to school, or
work
Topic 2. no contact
outside of that
Outline venue
II. Main Idea
III. Main Idea
 I. Choose desired colleges.
A. Visit and evaluate
college
Types of campuses.
Outline B. Visit and evaluate
(based college
on websites.
entries) 1. Look for interesting
classes.
Sentence 2. Note important
Outline statistics.
II. Main Idea
III. Main Idea
  Developing an outline before you write
your paper helps you make sure that
your essay is organized and that the
content is relevant.
 Pointers:
Outlini  Keep it simple (all points are short)
ng  Stay on track (check that each point
clearly supports your thesis statement)
 Back it up (include enough evidence to
support your ideas-facts, quotes from
experts, statistics, and logical
reasoning)
 What is your general
subject? Pets
What question would
The
you like to answer?
Thesis What animal makes a
Stateme good pet?
nt
Your answer, or your
draft thesis: Cats are
excellent pets.
 Once you have your draft
thesis statement, think of
a number of reasons why
The (how, what, etc.) this is
true (back it up!).
Thesis
Why are cats excellent
Stateme
pets?
nt They are clean.
They are quiet.
They are loving.
 Now let’s put it all
together; your complete
The thesis statement is:
Thesis Cats make excellent
Stateme pets because they are
clean, quiet, and
nt loving.
 The outline is a simple
The structure of how you will
Structur organize your essay.
e of the In this simple essay
Outline structure, your thesis
(Introductio statement will become the
n) last sentence of your
introduction paragraph.
  Use each of your reasons as the
topic sentence for a separate
The body paragraph. Ask yourself
Structur how each point relates to your
thesis.
e of the I. Topic Sentence: Cats are clean
pets. (Why does being clean
Outline make cats an excellent pet?
(Body A. groom themselves every
day by licking their fur
Paragra B. use a litter box, which is
phs) easy to clean
C. don't roll in mud or need
baths like dogs
 II. Topic Sentence: Cats are
quiet. (How does being quiet
The make cats excellent pets?
Structure A. usually meow softly
of the instead of barking loudly
Outline B. quiet even when
playing and don’t disturb
(Body others
Paragrap
C. don’t make noise at
hs) night and let you sleep
peacefully
 III. Topic Sentence: Cats are
loving. (How does this relate
to your thesis statement? In
The what way are cats loving?)
Structure
A. enjoy sitting on your lap
of the and purring to show affection
Outline B. follow you around the
(Body house, keeping you company
Paragrap C. greet you when you
hs) come home, making you feel
loved
 Some essays will need a
concluding paragraph.
The One way to conclude an
essay is to restate your
Structur thesis statement in the
e of the first sentence of your
Outline conclusion.
(Conclusi
Conclusion: Because
on)
they are clean, quiet,
and loving, cats are
perfect pets for families.
 Have you ever wondered what
makes a great pet? While there
are many animals to choose
from, cats stand out as
exceptional companions. They
THE ESSAY are known for their cleanliness,
INTRO quiet nature, and affectionate
(The thesis personalities. Cats don’t just
is here.) provide companionship—they
also make life easier and more
enjoyable for their owners.
Cats are amazing pets
because they are clean,
quiet, and loving.
 One reason cats make such
great pets is that they are
incredibly clean. Unlike many
animals, cats groom
themselves every day by
licking their fur to stay tidy and
THE ESSAY fresh. They also use a litter
BODY box, which is convenient and
easy to maintain for their
owners. Unlike dogs, cats don’t
roll in mud or require frequent
baths. Their natural cleanliness
makes them an ideal pet for
people who prefer a tidy home.
 Another reason cats are fantastic
pets is their quiet nature. Cats
usually meow softly rather than
barking loudly, making them
suitable for households where
peace and quiet are valued. Even
when playing, cats are gentle and
THE ESSAY
don’t create a lot of noise or
BODY disturbances. At night, they are
typically calm, allowing their
owners to enjoy uninterrupted
sleep. This quiet behavior makes
cats a favorite choice for pet
lovers who appreciate a calm
environment.
 Lastly, cats are known for being
loving companions. They show their
affection in unique and
heartwarming ways, such as sitting
on their owner’s lap and purring
contentedly. Cats also enjoy
following their owners around the
THE ESSAY house, providing constant
BODY companionship and making their
presence felt. Additionally, they
greet their owners warmly when
they come home, making them feel
appreciated and loved. This
affectionate nature brings joy and
emotional support to anyone who
has a cat.
 Because they are clean,
quiet, and loving, cats are
perfect pets for families
and individuals alike. Their
unique traits make them
THE ESSAY easy to care for while
CONCLUSIO providing the companionship
N and affection people need. If
you’re looking for a pet that
brings comfort and
happiness without the
hassle, a cat might just be
the ideal choice for you.