Fluid Dynamics:

Conservation of Mass, Energy

and Momentum
Objectives
• Introduce concepts necessary to analyze fluids in motion
• Identify differences between Steady/unsteady uniform/non-
uniform compressible/incompressible flow
• Introduce conservation of mass principle
• Continuity equation
• Steady state mass balance
• Unsteady state mass balance
• Introduce Conservation of energy principle
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Derive Bernoulli’s equation: practical applications
• Steady state energy balance
• Application: Fluid flow measurement

• Introduce conservation of momentum principle

• Momentum transfer: the concept of balance of forces.
Learning Outcome
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:
1. Define continuity equation to solve steady state
and unsteady state mass balance.
2. Define Bernoulli’s equation.
3. Apply the energy balance to determine flow
characteristics of fluid in various devices such as
orifice meter, venturi meter and pitot tube.
4. Apply the concept of momentum balance to
determine the forces and pressure in fluid flow
problems.
Fluid dynamics
The study of the effect forces on fluid motion. The
motion of fluids can be predicted in the same way as the
motion
of solids are predicted using the fundamental laws of
physics together with the physical properties of the fluid.

It is not difficult to envisage a very complex fluid flow. waves

on beaches; hurricane sand tornadoes or any other
atmospheric phenomenon are all example of highly complex
fluid flows which can be analyzed with varying degrees of
success (in some cases hardly at all!). There are many
common situations which are easily analyzed.
Various fluid flow
• Uniform flow
– If velocity at a given instant is the same in magnitude and
direction at every point in the fluid.
• Non-uniform flow
– Velocity changes from point to point

• Steady flow:
– Velocity, pressure and cross section of the fluid stream may
vary from point to point, but do not change with time.
• Unsteady flow:
– Conditions do change with time

Combining the above we can classify any flow into one of four type
1. Steady uniform flow 2. Steady non-uniform flow
3. Unsteady uniform flow 4. Unsteady non-uniform
Steady, uniform flow:
– Conditions do not change with position or time.
– E.g.: flow of fluid through pipe of uniform bore
(cross section) running completely full.

ut=1 min = 0.1 m/s ut=1 min = 0.1 m/s ut=1 min = 0.1 m/s
ut=5 min = 0.1 m/s ut=5 min = 0.1 m/s ut=5 min = 0.1 m/s
Steady, non-uniform flow:
– Conditions change from point to point, but not
with time.
– E.g.: Flow of liquid at a constant rate through
a tapering pipe running completely full.

ut=1 min = 0.1 m/s ut=1 min = 0.15 m/s ut=1 min = 0.2 m/s
ut=5 min = 0.1 m/s ut=5 min = 0.15 m/s ut=5 min = 0.2 m/s
Unsteady, uniform flow:
– At a given instant of time, velocity at every point
is the same, but this velocity will change with
time.
– E.g.: accelerating flow of liquid through a
pipe of uniform bore running full (during
pump start-up)

ut=1 min = 0.1 m/s ut=1 min = 0.1 m/s ut=1 min = 0.1 m/s
ut=5 min = 0.4 m/s ut=5 min = 0.4 m/s ut=5 min = 0.4 m/s
Unsteady, non-uniform flow:
– Cross sectional area and velocity may vary from
point to point, and also change with time.
– E.g.: a wave traveling along a channel.
ut=1 min = 0.1 m/s ut=1 min = 0.3 m/s ut=1 min = 0.6 m/s
ut=5 min = 0.4 m/s ut=5 min = 0.2 m/s ut=5 min = 0.3 m/s

Among these four types of flow which one is the

most simple and why?
Flow Rate
Mass flow rate

Volume flow rate (some times called discharge)

Volume flow rate= Q =Volume of fluid/time
= mass of fluid/(density x time)
= mass flow rate/ density
Relation between discharge and mean velocity

um t
Here, um is mean velocity

area A

Q = volume/time= (um x t x A)/t

= um A

A typical velocity profile

if the cross-section area, A, is 1.2 x 10 -3 m2 across a pipe

and the volume rate is 24 l/s, What is

the mean velocity ?
Two different systems

• Closed system • Open

– Control mass system
– Control volume
– Only energy is – Both mass and
transferred the energy is transferred
boundary, but not the boundary
mass Energy in
Mass in
Energ
y

Mass

Energyout
Mass out
General Balance Equation

Flow in – Flow out +

Creation – Destruction = Accumulation

In Material & Energy Balance

Input – Output +
Generation – Consumption = Accumulation

In Non-reacting systems

Input – Output
= Accumulation
Criteria of balance equation

• Must apply to some period of time.

• Balance equation deals with changes in the thing
being accounted for.
• Applied only to any countable set of unit
(quantitative)
(EXTENSIVE PROPERTY – e.g mass, energy, momentum)

• Not applied for uncountable set of unit (qualitative)

(INTENSIVE PROPERTY – e.g T, P, color)
Continuity (Conservation of Mass)
Matter cannot be created or destroyed - (it is simply changed in to a
different form of matter). This principle is know as the conservation of
mass and we use it in the analysis of flowing fluids.

min
Control
volume

mout
 
m
in
 dm 
 
 dt system 
mout

 dm   
  min mout
 dt  system

For steady state flow, there is no increase in the mass with in

the control volume/chosen boundary, means (dm/dt) system = 0
Steady state mass balance
(No accumulation)
 dm 
  
 dt  system 0
 
min  mout Fig. A stream tube

We can write, ρ1u1A1=ρ2u2A2

ρ1u1A1= ρ2u2A2 = constant = mass flow rate
This is the equation of continuity
(mass flow rate is the same in each section)

For incompressible fluid e.g., does not change ρ1=ρ2=ρ

u1A1=u2A2 = Q
This is the form of continuity equation most often used
Some examples of continuity equation applications

Section 1 Section 2

Discharge at Section 1 = discharge at section 2

ρ1 Q1 = ρ2 Q2 ( if consider incompressible fluid)
so, A1u1= A2u2
2 2
u1 d1 = u2 d2

Total mass flow into the junction = Total mass out of the junction
ρ 1 Q1 = ρ 2 Q2 + ρ 3 Q3
Incase of incompressible fluid, A1u 1= A2u2 + A2u2
For single stream in and out, For multiple streams,

m1 = m2
m in  m
m1 out
m1
control control
m2
volum volum
e e
m1 = m 2 m1 + m2 =
m3 + m4 m3
m2
m4

Unsteady state mass balance

 dm   

 dt system
 min mout
Class example 1

• Water is flowing in a pipe. At point 1 the inside

diameter is 0.25 m and the velocity is 2 m/s.
Determine:
– the mass flow rate
– volumetric flow rate?
– the velocity at point 2 where the insid
diameter is 0.125 m? e

1 2
Solution
• Assumption:
– Steady flow system,
– density is constant = 1000 kg/m3

kg    m 


a) Mass flow rate m   1000 3  0.25m 2 
ρAu  m  4 2  s 
kg

98.2 s
b) Volumetric flow rate
 kg
98.2 3
m s  0.0982 m
Q 
 ρ 1000 kg s
m3
Solution
a) From continuity equation
1A1u1 = 2A2u2  A1u1 = A2u2 (since density is
constant)

  2   2
 D1  V1  D2  V2
4   4 
2
D
 V2  1 12
V D2
2
 m 0.25 
 2  2 

 s  0.125 
m
8
s
 Class example 2
A river has a cross section that is approximately a
rectangle with 10 ft deep and 50 ft wide. The
average velocity is 1 ft/s. How many U.S. gallons
per minute pass a given point? What is the
average velocity at a point downstream, where
the channel shape has changed to 7 ft in depth
and 150 ft in wide?

Cross sectional area of the river:

10 ft 7 ft

150 ft
Solution
• Assumption: Steady flow, H2O is constant =62.4
Ibm/ft3

• Volumetric flow rate,

A u  10 ft 50  ft 3
Q ft 1 1 ft 
1
  s  500 s
3
ft 60 s 7.48 U.S gal
  
500 s min ft 3

U.S gal

224400 min
Solution
• Velocity at downstream:

ft 3
Q  A2 u2
500 s
ft 3
500
u2  s
7 ft150
ftft

0.476 s
Class Example 3

• A lake has a surface area of 100 km2.

One river is bringing water into the lake at a
rate of 10,000 m3/s, while another is taking
water out at 8000 m3/s.
Neglecting evaporation of the water,
how fast is the level of the lake rising
or falling?
Solution
Assumption: Steady flow, density of the lake
water is constant, evaporation rate is negligible.

dh Q in  Q out
dm   
 mout dt A
dt min m3 m3
d ρV 10000  8000
s s
 ρQin  ρQout 
 dt 2 1000 m
2 2

dV 100 km 2
Qin  Qout  km
dt -5 m  mm 
dAh 2 or 0.02 
Qin  Qout 10 s s 
 dt
Conservation of Energy
Objectives
 Concept of First Law of
Thermodynamics
 Derive Bernoulli’s equation
 Application of Bernoulli’s equation
 General energy balance equation
Learning Outcomes
At the of this chapter you should be able
to: • Express Bernoulli’s equation
• Simplify Bernoulli’s equation for various
• cases. Solve problems using Bernoulli’s
The First Law of Thermodynamics
(The conservation of energy principle)

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be

transferred from one form to another.

Accumulation = Flow in – Flow out

Eout
Esys = Ein –

Esys
Ein Eout

For steady state:

Ein = Eout
Forms of energy

1. Potential energy 2. Kinetic energy 3. Flow

energy/internal energy 4. Electrostatic 5.
Magnetic 6. Nuclear

Derivation of Bernoulli's equation

Bernoulli’s equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they are:
• Flow is steady;
• Density is constant (which also means the fluid is incompressible);
• Friction losses are negligible.
• The equation relates the states at two points along a single
streamline, (not conditions on two different streamlines).
Derivation of Bernoulli's equation

Cross sectional area, a

B
B'
A
z A'
mg

An element of fluid, as that in the Fig., has potential energy due to its heights z
above a datum and kinetic energy due to its velocity V. If the weight is mg then,

Potential energy (PE) = mgz

PE per unit weight = z

Kinetic energy (KE)= mV2/2

KE per unit weight = V2/2g
Flow energy :Represents the amount of work necessary to move the
element of fluid across a certain section against the pressure, P.

At any cross-section the pressure generates a force, the fluid will flow,
moving the cross-section, so work will be done. If the pressure at
cross section AB is P and the area of the cross-section is a, then

Force on AB = Pa

when the mass mg of fluid has passed AA’, cross-section AB will have
𝑚𝑔
moved to A’B’
volume passing AB = 𝑚
ρ𝑔
= ρ
𝑚
Therefore,
distance A’B’ = ρ𝑎

Work done = force x distance A’B’ = Pa x 𝑚

ρ𝑎
= ρ𝑃
𝑚
𝑃
ρ𝑔
Work done per unit weight =
This term also known as pressure energy in flowing system
Summing all of these energy terms gives

Pressure energy per unit weight + Kinetic energy per unit

weight + Potential energy per unit weight = Total energy
per unit weight

𝑃 +
2
𝑢
or,

ρ𝑔
Bernoulli’s equation is one of the most
+z = H
2𝑔
important/useful equations in fluid mechanics

As all of these elements of the equation have units of length, they

are often referred to as the following:

P u2
z 
ρg 2g H

Velocity head
Pressure head
Elevation head / Gravity head
By the principle of conservation of energy the total energy
in the system does not change, Thus the total head does not change.
So the Bernoulli equation can be written

+
𝑢2
𝑃
ρ𝑔 2𝑔
+z = H= constant

We can apply it between two points, 1 and

2, on the streamline in the figure

total energy per unit weight at 1 = total energy per unit weight at 2
or total head at 1 = total head at 2

+ � +z = + �� +z
2
𝑃 𝑃
2

ρ𝑔 � 2�� ρ𝑔
or
1 2
1
1
2��
2 P V 2
2 or  gz  
ρ 2 0
Solving problems using Bernoulli’s equation
1. Decide the items are known and what is to be determined.
2. Decide the two sections in the system will be used when writing
Bernoulli’s equation.
3. Write Bernoulli’s equation for the two selected sections in the
system.
• The equation should be written in the direction of flow

4. Made clear when labeling the terms in the equation

• Note the reference points on the sketch of the system
5. Simplify the equation by canceling terms that are zero or equal on
both sides of the equation.
6. Solve the problem!
Important Points
1. When the fluid at a reference point is exposed to the atmosphere,
the pressure is zero gage pressure.
• The pressure term (thus pressure head) is cancelled from the
equation.
Psurface = 0
Psurface  0
Pen
Pend pipe =0 d pipe =0

0
P u 2
 gz 
ρ  2 0
Important Points

2. The velocity at the surface of a tank or a reservoir is considered to

be zero.
• The velocity (thus velocity head) term can be cancelled in
the equation.
• Applicable if ratio of cross sectional area of two reference points
are very small,

d1 
d2 0
usurface = 0

uend pipe 
0
Important Points

3. When both reference points are in the same pipe (same

cross sectional area),
• The velocity (thus velocity head) term can be
cancelled in the equation.

u1 = u2 u3 
3 4
1 2 u4
Important Points

4. When the two points of reference are at the same

elevation,
• The elevation (thus gravity head) term can be
canceled.

3
z3  z4
z 1 = z2
1 2 4
Important Points

5. When referring to elevation, beware of the

‘sign’.
• By fixing one reference point as ‘datum’,
give appropriate sig to the elevation
n
z1 =0 z1 =h

z2 = – h z1 = 0
Class Example 1
A large tank open to the atmosphere is filled with water to a height of 5 m
from the outlet tap. A tap near the bottom of the tank is now opened, and
water flows out from the smooth and rounded outlet. Determine the water
velocity at the outlet.
Solution: z1 = 0 m
P1 = 0 kPag
u1  0
• Assumption:
– No work interaction.
– The rounded outlet is
frictionless
– Tank is very large the
that
velocity of water in tank is
relatively small, u1  0 z2 = – 5 m
– Steady flow P2 = 0 kPag
u2 = ?
 2
P u
 gz  
 2 0
2 2
u 2 u 1
g z2  z1   
2 0
u 2  2g z 1  z 2  Toricelli’s equation

 29.810  
5m
9.9
s
• Application of Bernoulli’s Equation in
Venturi meter, orifice meter and pitot tube.

• Introduce conservation of momentum principle

Momentum transfer: the concept of balance of
forces.
Bernoulli's equation
As all of these elements of the equation have units of length, they
are often referred to as the following:

P u2
z  Total head
ρg 2g H
Velocity head
Pressure head

Elevation head / Gravity head

 In fluid dynamics, head is a concept that relates the energy in

an incompressible fluid to the height of an equivalent static column of
that fluid.
 Head is equal to the fluid's energy per unit weight.
We can apply it between two points, 1 and 2, on the
streamline in the Fig.

Total energy per unit weight at 1 = Total energy per unit weight at 2

or total head at 1 = total head at 2

2
u1 P2 u2
or P1  z1    z2  
ρg 2g g 2g H
Pressure head, velocity head, potential head and total head
A useful method of analyzing the flow is to show the pressures
graphically

Consider the reservoir below feeding a pipe which changes

diameter and rises (in reality it may have to pass over a hill)
before falling to its final level
What will be the total head if pipe nozzle is closed

Fig. Piezometer levels with zero velocity

Since nozzle is closed the velocity of fluid u =0 in each point,

so from Bernounill equation we can write,
P
z
g H
What would happen to the levels in the piezometers (pressure heads)
if the water is flowing with velocity =u?

We know from Bernuonill principle that as velocity increases so pressure

falls …

Fig. Piezometer levels and velocity heads with fluid flowing in constant diameter pipe

Since the diameter of the pipe constant, the velocity is equal in each point
We can Write, P u
z 
g 2g H
What would happen if the pipe are not of constant diameter?

Fig. Piezometer levels and velocity heads with fluid flowing in varying diameter pipe

P u
z 
g 2g H
Energy losses due to friction
In a real pipe line there are energy losses due to friction - these
must be taken into account as they can be very significant. How
would
the pressure and hydraulic grade lines change with friction?

2
P1 u1
P2 u2
 z1    z2   hf Here, hf is head
ρg 2g g 2g loss due to friction
 Class example 1
A siphon has a uniform circular bore of 75 mm diameter and consist of
a bent pipe with its crest 1.8 m above water level discharging into the
atmosphere at a level 3.6 m below water level. If the atmospheric pressure
is equivalent of 10 m of water, determine: 3
1.The outlet velocity
2.The flow rate out
3.The absolute pressure at crest level.
Neglect the losses due to friction.
• Assumption: 1.8 m
– No work interaction.
– The pipe is frictionless 1
– Tank is very large that the velocity of
gas at point 1 is relatively small, V 1 
– 0
No velocity change at point 1 and 3  3.6 m
V3  0 at point 1 and 2 = Patm = 0
– Pressure
kPag 2
– Steady flow

To be solved in class
Applications of the Bernoulli Equation
The Bernoulli equation can be applied to a great many
situations not just the pipe flow we have been considering
up to now. it has application to flow measurement from
tanks, within pipes as well as in open channels

• Orifice Plate
• Venturi Tube
• Pitot Tube
• Rota meter
• Target
• mater
• Nozzle
• Elbow Meter
Bypass Meter
Learning Outcome
• At the end of this topic you shall be able to:
– Derive relationship between pressure drop
and velocity.
– Determine flow rate for using devices such as
venturi meter, orifice meter and pitot tube.
Pitot tube
• A device that can be used to measure flow rates of fluid.
• Based on the Bernoulli’s principle, and using the concept of
stagnation pressure.
• Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure

X
0

 A point in a fluid stream where the

velocity is reduced to zero is Figure :
known as a stagnation point. Streamlines
 Any non-rotating obstacle placed passing a
non-rotating
in the stream produces a obstacle
stagnation point next to its
upstream surface.
 The velocity at X is zero: X is
a stagnation point.
 By Bernoulli's equation the quantity p + ½V2 + gz is constant
along a streamline for the steady frictionless flow of a fluid of
constant density.
 If the velocity V at a particular point is brought to zero the
pressure there is increased from p to p + ½V2.
 For a constant-density fluid the quantity p + ½V2 is therefore
known as the stagnation pressure of that streamline while ½V2 –
that part of the stagnation pressure due to the motion – is termed
the dynamic pressure.
 A manometer connected to the point X would record the
stagnation pressure, and if the static pressure p were also known
½V2 could be obtained by subtraction, and hence V calculated.

X
0
 Measurement of the static
pressure may be made at the
boundary of the flow, as
illustrated in (a), provided that the
axis of the piezometer is
perpendicular to the boundary
and the connection is smooth
and that the streamlines adjacent
to it are not curved
 A tube projecting into the flow
(Tube c) does not give a
satisfactory reading because the
fluid is accelerating round the
end of the tube.
Fig. Piezometers
connected to a
pipe
  Two piezometers, one as normal and one as a Pitot tube
within
pipe the
can be used in arrangeme show belo to measur
an nt n w e
velocity of flow.
 We can write,
2
p 2  p1 1 V1
 2
2ΔP
V1 
 h2
h1
Above equation can rite,

1 2
gh2  gh1  V1
2
V  2g h2  h1

Class Example 2
Air is flowing in a duct. The pressure-difference gage
attached to the pitot-static tube indicates a difference
of 200 Pa. what is the air velocity? (air = 1.20 kg/m3)

• Solution:

2 m
V1 2 ΔP 18.2
ρ 200
1.2 s
 8
Limitation of Pitot Tube

• The primary
disadvantage of
Pitot tube is that it
must be aligned
with the flow
direction, which is
unknown.
Venturi meter
 The Venturi meter is a device
for measuring discharge in a
pipe.
 It consists of a rapidly
converging section, which
increases the velocity of flow
and hence reduces the
pressure.
 It then returns to the original
dimensions of the pipe by a
gently diverging ‘diffuser’
section. By measuring the
pressure differences the
discharge can be calculated.

This is a particularly accurate
method of flow measurement
as energy losses are very
small.
 Venturi meter

ΔP

fluid flow
P2, V2, d2
P1, V1, d1

Applying Bernoulli Equation between (1) and (2), and using continuity
equation will give :
p p 
2 1 2 
Qideal    
1 2
A  A1 
  1
 A2 

To get the actual discharge, taking into consideration of losses due to

friction, a coefficient of discharge, Cd, is introduced.

Qactual = Cd Qideal
Class Example 3
The venturi meter has water flowing through it. The
pressure difference P1 – P2 is 1 psi. The diameter at point 1
is 1 ft, and
at point 2 is 0.5 ft. Determine the velocity through this meter.

• Assumption: Water  incompressible fluid, density

constant ( = 62.4 Ibm/m3)

 Ibf 144 
2 1
 in 2  
  in ft  32.2 Ibm
2 2

2P1 P2 ft

62.4Ibm Ibf 
V2  ρ  ft 3
s 2

  A22   0.52 
 1 2  1 
 A1   1 
2

12.7
f
Class Example 4
A Venturi meter with an entrance diameter of 0.3 m and a
throat diameter of 0.2 m is used to measure the volume of
gas flowing through a pipe. The discharge coefficient of the
meter is 0.96. Assuming the specific weight of the gas to
be constant at 19.62 N/m3, calculate the volume flowing
when the pressure difference between the entrance and
the throat is measured as 0.06 m on a water U-tube
manometer.
What we know from problem :
the statement

Cgdg== 19.62 N/m2
0.96
d1 =0.3
d2 =m
0.2
V1 = Q/0.0707 V2 = Q/
m 0.0314
Calculate
For the manometer
:
P1  g gz1  P2  g g(z2  RP )  w gRP
P1  P2 19.62(z 2  z1 )  --- (1)
587.423

For the Venturi meter

: P V   P V2 2
 z2
1 1
z1 2 2

g g 2g g g 2g
2
P1  P2 19.62(z2  z1 )  0.803V2 --- (2)
Combining (1) and (2) :
2
0.803V2  587.423
V2 ideal  27.047 m / s
2
 0.2  3
Qideal  27.047    0.85 m /
  2  s
3
Q  Cd Qideal  0.96 0.85  0.816
m /s
Orifice meter
• Venturi is expensive and complex to construct.
• To measure flow rate in small pipeline 
orifice meter
• Orifice meter  cheap, easy to construct
• Consist of flat orifice plate with circular hole drilled in it.
• Vena contracta  contraction of flow occurs
• Cause actual outlet velocity less than ideal outlet velocity
Graphical representation how to changes pressure
with velocity of fluid flow
P1 P2

d D

P1

P
 Fig. Tank and streamlines of flow out of the sharp edged orifice

We can predict the velocity of orifice using Bernounill equation.

At the surface velocity is negligible (u1= 0) and the p1=0. At the the jet
orifice is open to the air so P2=0.
If e take the datum line through the orfice then, z1= h and z2 = 0, leaving

h = u22/2g

or u2 =√2gh
This is the theoretical value of velocity, and here friction losses
have not taken into account. To incorporate friction, e use the
co- efficient of velocity to correct the theoretical velocity,

uactual = Cv utheoretical
Each orifice has its on coefficient of velocity (0.97-0.99)

To calculate the discharge, e multiply the area of the jet by the velocity.
The actual area of the jet is the area of the vena contracta not the area of
the orifice. E obtain this area by using coefficient of contraction for the orifice

A actual = Cc Aorifice

So the discharge through the orifice is given by

Q = Au
Q actual =Aactual uactual
= CcCv Aorifice utheoretical
The Momentum Equation
 In fluid mechanics the analysis of motion is performed
in the same way as in solid mechanics - by use of Newton’s
laws of motion.
Account is also taken for the special properties of fluids
when in motion

Newton’s 2nd Law can be written:

The Rate of change of momentum of a body is equal

to the resultant force acting on the body, and takes
place in the direction of the force
 Derivation of momentum equation
To determine the rate of change of momentum for a fluid we
will consider a stream tube as we did for the Bernoulli
equation.

Assumption; steady non-uniform Flow flowing in a stream tube

Fig. A stream tube in three and two dimensions

In time δt a volume of the fluid moves from the inlet a
Distance uδt, so the volume entering the stream tube in the
time δt is

Volume =Area x distance =A 1u1 δt

Mass = ρ1 A1u1 δt

Momentum =mass x velocity = ρ1 A1u1 δt u1

Similarly, at the exit, we can obtain an expression for the

momentum leaving the steam tube

Momentum of fluid leaving stream tube = ρ2 A2u2 δt u2

We can now calculate the force exerted by the fluid using
Newton’s 2nd Law. The force is equal to the rate of change of
momentum. So
Force = rate of change of momentum
2 A2u2tu 2 1 A1u1tu1
F
 t
We know from continuity that Q=A1u1=A2u2 and if we have
a fluid of constant density, i.e. ρ1= ρ2= ρ, then we can write

F  Q(u2  u1)

This analysis assumed that the inlet and outlet velocities

were in the same direction - i.e. a one dimensional system.
What happens when this is not the case?
 Fig. Two dimensional flow in stream tube

The force in the X-direction = rate of change of momentum in X directions

= rate of change of mass x velocity change in X direction

Fx  m(u2 cos2  u1 cos1)
Fx  Q(u2 cos2  u1 cos1)
The force in the y-direction Fy  Q(u2 sin2  u1 sin1)
We can find the resultant force by combining these vectorially
Fy
Fresultant

Fx

And the angle which this force acts at can be calculated

In summary we can say,

The total force the fluid = rate of change of momentum
through the control volume

F  m(uout -u in )  Q (uout - u in )
Application of the Momentum Equation

We will consider the following examples:

 Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend

 Force on a nozzle at the outlet of a pipe
 Impact of a jet on a plane surface
 Force due to flow round a curved vane
 Summary
• emphasized basically on the
Today application
of Bernoulli equation in order to solve
problems
related to fluid mechanics
• Introduction of momentum equation in
fluid
mechanic
example and try to relate the concept in
• real
sStudents the
should concentrate more on the
scenario.
Check List For Chapter 3
 Introduce concepts necessary to analyze fluids in motion
 Identify differences between Steady/unsteady uniform/non-
uniform compressible/incompressible flow
 Introduce conservation of mass principle
• Continuity equation and their application in solving problems
• Steady state mass balance
• Unsteady state mass balance
 Introduce Conservation of energy principle
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Derive Bernoulli’s equation: Energy head and total head
• Steady state energy balance
• Application of Bernoulli’ s equation: Fluid flow measurement

 Introduce conservation of momentum principle

• Momentum transfer: the concept of balance of forces.