AGENDA

• Introduction to Linux

• Linux File System

• Basic file commands

• File permissions

• VI editor

• Expression pattern

• Process Management

• Cron Jobs

• Role of Linux in Cloud Computing and DevOps

 Introduction to Linux
• The Linux Operating System is a type of operating system that is similar to Unix, and it
is built upon the Linux Kernel.

• It was created by a person named Linus Torvalds in 1991.

• The Linux Kernel is like the brain of the operating system because it manages how the
computer interacts with its hardware and resources.

• The Linux Kernel is combined with a collection of software packages and utilities, which
are together called Linux distributions. ( Ubuntu,Debian,openSUSE etc)

• These distributions make the Linux Operating System ready for users to run their
applications and perform tasks on their computers securely and effectively.

• Linux distribution is an operating system that is made up of a collection of software

based on Linux kernel or you can say distribution contains the Linux kernel and
supporting libraries and software.
Architecture of Click icon to add picture

Linux
 Kernel : is the core of the Linux based
OS. Different types of the kernel are:
Monolithic Kernel, Hybrid Kernels ,
Exo Kernels , Micro Kernels.

 System libraries : act as an interface

between applications and the kernel,
providing a standardized and
efficient way for applications to
interact with the underlying system.

 Hardware Layer : it encompasses all

the physical components of the
computer , such as RAM(Random
Access Memory),HDD(Hard Disk
Drive),CPU(Central Processing
Unit),and input/output devices.
 Shell : is the user interface of the Linux OS. It allows users to interact with the system by
entering commands , which the shell interprets and executes The shell serves as a bridge
between the user and the kernel , forwarding the user’s requests to the kernel for
processing.
 System Utility : these utilities perform tasks such as installing software , configuring
network settings, monitoring system performance , managing users and permissions ,
and much more.

Advantages of Linux
 Linux is an open-source operating system.
 Linux is more secure than any other OS.
 It maintains the privacy of the user.
 It is fast and easy to install from the web.
 The software updates in Linux are easy and frequent.
 Linux is a multi-programming, multi-user operating system, it means the same system
can be used by different users with different access rights and simultaneously many
applications can be run on it.
 Linux can work on different types of hardware, so Linux is portable.
 Differences between Linux and Windows
LINUX WI N D OWS

• Linux is an open source OS. • Windows are not open source OS.

• Linux is free of cost. • It is costly.

• Linux provides more security than • It provides less security than Linux.
windows.
• Administrator user has all
• Root user is the super user and has all administrative privileges of computers.
the administrative privileges.
• While there is back slash is used for
• There is forward slash is used for Separating the directories.
Separating the directories.
 Linux File System
• The Linux file system organizes data and files on a storage device, providing a
structured way to manage information.

• The Linux File Hierarchy Structure or the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines
the directory structure and directory contents in Unix-like operating systems.
The /boot directory in a Linux file system contains the files needed to start the boot process of
the operating system.
 Linux Directory Structure
In Linux/Unix operating system everything is a file even directories are files, files are files, and
devices like mouse, keyboard, printer, etc are also files.

We know that in a Windows-like operating system, files are stored in different folders on
different data drives like C: D: E: whereas in the Linux/Unix operating system files are stored
in a tree-like structure starting with the root directory.
 Basic File Commands
• ls (lists the files and directories in the working directory)

Syntax :: ls [options] file_name/directory_name

ls -l : displays detailed information about files and directories

ls -a : includes hidden files and directories

ls -t : displaying the most recently modified ones first

ls -r : reverse order of the string

ls -S : sort files and directories by their size

ls -R : list files and directories recursively, including subdirectories

-rw-r--r-- 1 Dell 197121 316 June 24 22:09 fibonacci.txt

1st field : File type :: - (normal file),d (directory file),s (socket file),l(link file)
File permissions :: read,write,execute for user(root),group,others
Number of links
Owner :: owner of the file
Group :: group of the file
Size :: size in bytes
Last modified date and time
File name

• pwd ( prints the current working directory)

• mkdir ( creates new directory)

Syntax :: mkdir directory_name

• cd ( used to navigate between directories)

Syntax :: cd directory_name
cd / : changes to the root directory
pwd : present working directory/current directory
cd dir1/dir2/dir3 : to move into sub-directories
cd ~ or cd : changes to home directory from any directory
cd .. : which is used to move to the parent directory of current
directory , or the directory one level up from the current directory.
“ . . “ represents parent directory
• rmdir ( to delete permanently an empty directory )
Syntax : : rmdir directory_name
rm file_name : to remove single file name
rm file1 file2 : to remove multiple files
rm -i file_name : interactive deletion ( asks for confirmation for deletion )
rm -f file_name : removes the file forcefully
rm -r/-R directory_name : delete all the files and sub-directories recursively of
the parent directory

• cp ( copy-paste and cut-paste files )

Syntax :: cp source_file destination_file
cp -i source_file destination_file ( confirmation )
cp src_file1 src_file2 src_file3 dest_directory_name/ ( copy multiple files to
directory )
cp -R source_directory dest_directory ( copy files between two directories )

• mv 1) Renaming a file or directory.

2) Moving a file or directory to another location.
Syntax : : mv source_file_name destination_file_name : to rename a file
mv source_file_name destination_path : to move a file

• touch (creates an empty file)

Syntax :: touch filename
• cat ( create a file with content and also display the content )
syntax : : cat > file_name
type the content for the file if not press ctrl+D
cat file_name ( displays the content )
cat -n file_name : to view contents of the file with line numbers
cat file1 >> file2 : appending the content of file1 to the end of file2
tac file_name : displaying the content in reverse order
cat >> filename ( appending the content to the same file )

• clear (clear the terminal screen)

• man (user manual for any command)

Syntax :: man command_name

• echo (used to print content in the terminal)

Syntax :: echo “content”

• history ( to lists commands used )

• wget ( allows to download files from the internet )

• whoami ( system's username )
• who ( users logged into system )
• who am i ( current users info )
• sort ( used to sort a file, arranging the records in a particular order )
syntax : : sort filename
sort -r filename(reverse order)
sort -n filename(numeric sort)
sort -c filename(checks whether a file is sorted or not)

• df -h ( details of file system, memory usage )

• du -h ( disk space for each directory)
• free -h( total memory used which includes swap also )
• top ( view of the running system )
Syntax : : top ( it gets refreshed after ever 3s )

• wc, word count ( prints the count of each word, lines etc )
Syntax : : wc filename
number_of_lines number_of_words number_of_characters filename
(wc -l fname ) (wc -w fname) (wc -c fname)

• | (pipe ) :: output the result of one command as input to another command

ls -l | grep word/string filename
• less (to read the starting content from a very big data )
Syntax : less file_name
and press down arrow key ( to view the content downwards )
• head ( it outputs the first part of the file (usually 10lines )
Syntax : head file_name
head -nhow_many_lines filename
• tail ( it outputs the last part of the file )
Syntax : tail -nhow_many_lines file_name
 File Permissions
 Linux is a multi-user operating system , so it has security to prevent people from accessing
each others confidential files.
 How to check the permissions of files in Linux?

ls -l

1st character :: File type -- - (normal file),d (directory file),s (socket file), l (link file)

2nd character :: File permissions – read , write , execute for user(root), group ,
others

3rd character :: Number of links

4th character :: Owner of the file

5th character :: group of the file

6th character :: size in bytes

7th character :: last modified date and time of the file

8th character :: File name

Three permissions groups in Linux
1. Owners :: these permissions apply exclusively to the individuals who own the files or
directories.
2. Groups :: permissions can be assigned to a specific group of users , impacting only
those within that particular group.
3. Others/all Users :: these permissions apply universally to all users on the system.

--- --- ---

rwx rwx rwx
user group others
 Three kinds of file permissions of Linux
‘ r ’ :: read the file’s content
‘ w ‘ :: write or modify the file’s content
‘ x ‘ :: execute a programmable file

‘ + ‘ :: add the permissions

‘ – ‘ :: remove the permissions
‘ = ‘ :: set permissions to the specified values
read (4) , write(2) , execute (1) [octal representations]

• Users (u) :: the user permissions apply only to the owner of the file or directory , they will
not impact the actions of other users.
• Group (g) :: the group permissions apply only to the group that has been assigned to the
file or directory , they will not affect the actions of other users.
• Others (o) :: the other permissions apply to all other users on the system.
• All (a) :: all three permissions ( owner , groups , others)

 How to change permissions in Linux

Syntax :: chmod permissions filename/directory_name

chown :: to change the owner of files and directories

chown username filename
chown username:groupname filename

chgrp :: to change the group ownership of files and directories

chgrp groupname filename
 VI Editor
• VI Editor , we can edit an existing file or create a new file from scratch.

• How to open VI editor

vi filename , press esc key

enter into insert_mode (press I )

type the content , press esc key

type :wq and hit enter ( w for saving the file , q to quit the file )

• Modes of operation in the VI editor

Command Mode

Insert Mode

Escape Mode
 Regular Expressions
• Regular expressions are special characters or set of characters that help us to search
for data and match the complex pattern.
 GREP ( Global Regular
Expression Print )
It is a powerful tool used for searching and manipulating text patterns
within files.
 It’s a command-line utility in Unix and Unix-like operating systems used
for searching within files for lines that match a regular expression and
printing them to the standard output.

Syntax :: grep options pattern file_name

grep -c ( count of lines that match a pattern )

grep -h ( display the matched lines, but do not display the

filenames )
grep -i ( ignores case for matching)
grep -l ( displays list of filenames only )
grep -n ( displays the matched lines and their line numbers )
grep -v ( prints out all the lines that do not matches the pattern )
grep -w ( match whole word/particular word only )
grep -o (print only the matched parts of a matching line , with each such part on a separate
line )

Example :: cat > file_name

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 SED ( Stream Editor )
 SED command in UNIX stands for stream editor and it can perform lots of functions on
file like searching , find and replace, insertion or deletion.

 Though most common use of SED command in UNIX is for substitution or for find and
replace. Syntax :: sed options [script] [inputfile]

Example :: cat > file_name

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learn operating system.

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 Process Management
 What is a Process ?
Whenever you issue a command in Unix , it creates , or starts , a new process.
When you tried out the ls command to list the directory contents , you started a
process.
A PROCESS , in simple terms , is an instance of a running program.
 The operating system tracks processes through a five-digit ID number known as the
PID or the PROCESS ID. Each process in the system has a unique PID.
 When you start a process (run a command) , there are two ways you can run it :
1. FOREGROUND PROCESSES 2. BACKGROUND PROCESSES
FOREGROUND PROCESSES :: By default, every processes that you start runs in
foreground. It gets its input from the keyboard and sends its output to the screen.
Disadvantage : While a program is running in the foreground and is time-consuming, no
other commands can be run ( start any other processes ) because the prompt would not
be available until the program finishes processing and comes out.
Example :: $ls file_name
BACKGROUND PROCESSES :: A background process runs without being connected to your
keyboard.
Example :: $ls file_name & ( once done press the enter key )
Advantage : we can run other commands , you do not have to wait until it completes to start
another!

 Listing running processes :: to check the running processes , run the command ps
( process status ) or ps –f ( displays detailed info )
UID : USER ID that this process belongs to ( the person who is running it )
PID : process ID
PPID : parent process ID
C : CPU utilization of process
STIME : process start time
TTY : terminal type associated with the process
TIME : CPU time taken by the process
CMD : the command that started this process

TTY : Teletypewriter originally and also means any terminal on Linux/Unix systems.
PTS : stands for the pseudo-terminal slave
PARENT AND CHILD PROCESSES ::
processes are organized in a hierarchical manner where each process, except for the very first
process called the "init" process, has a parent process.
When a process creates another process, the one that initiated the creation becomes the parent,
and the new process becomes its child.
For example, imagine you start a terminal session. The terminal process becomes the parent
process.
Now, if you run a command within that terminal, say, open a text editor, the text editor process
becomes a child process of the terminal.
If you then decide to run another command, say, a file compression tool from within the text
editor, that compression tool process becomes a child process of the text editor process and a grandchild
process of the terminal.
ZOMBIE AND ORPHAN PROCESSES :: A zombie process is a terminated process that has
completed its execution, but its entry still remains in the process table because its parent
process hasn't yet read its exit status.
Essentially, it's a dead process that is waiting for its parent process to
acknowledge its termination and retrieve its exit status.
An orphan process is a process whose parent has terminated or finished while
the child process is still running.
When the parent process ends before the child, the orphaned child process
gets re-parented to the init process (PID 1), which becomes its new parent.

DAEMON PROCESSES :: a daemon is a process that runs in the background, usually waiting
for something to happen that it is capable of working with.
For example, a printer daemon waiting for print commands.
 Cron Jobs
A cron job is a task created using cron , a tool for scheduling and
automating future tasks on Unix-like operating systems.
With cron jobs, system administrators can automate maintenance
, disk space monitoring , and backups at regular intervals.
They are also useful for web developers as they can set up
simultaneous cron jobs at different intervals to back up a site ,
check for broken links , and clear its cache.
Each cron job is stored in a cron table or “crontab” . The files
themselves are usually stored in a directory like
/var/spool/cron/crontabs , with one file per user , named after
their username.
• Structure of a Cron expression
* * * * * command – to – execute
- - - - -
Day of the week (0-7) (Sunday =0 or 7)

Month of the year (1-12)

Day of the month (1-31)

Hour (0-23)

Minute (0-59)

Crontab Guru is an easy-to-use editor for crontab schedules, offering a straightforward

Interface for generating cron schedule expressions ( CRONTAB GURU )
 Role of Linux in Cloud
Computing and DevOps
Advantages of Linux in DevOps