DRIVE

 Chain Drive
Ex : Bi-cycle , Motor cycle etc.
 Belt Drive
Ex: Rice mills, sewing machine etc.
 Rope Drive
Ex: lift, crane etc.
 Gear Train
Ex: Automobile, engines etc.

12/03/24 1
 GEARS OR
TOOTHED
WHEELS

INTRODUCTION
In belt, rope, chain drives, slipping is a common phenomenon, in the
transmission of motion or power between two shafts
The effect of slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system
In precision machines (as in watch mechanism), in which a definite velocity ratio is
of
importance the only positive drive is by means of gears or toothed wheels.
 A gear drive is also provided, when the distance between the driver and the follower
is very small.

12/03/24 2
 Friction
Wheels

 Consider two plain circular wheels A and

B mounted on shafts, having sufficient
rough surfaces and pressing against each
other
 Let the wheel A be keyed to the rotating
shaft and the wheel B to the shaft, to be
rotated.
 A little consideration will show, that when the wheel A is rotated by a rotating
shaft, it will rotate the wheel B in the opposite direction as shown in Fig.
 The wheel B will be rotated (by the wheel A) so long as the tangential force
exerted by the wheel A does not exceed the maximum frictional resistance between
the two wheels.
 But when the tangential force (P) exceeds the frictional resistance (F), slipping will
take place between the two wheels. Thus the friction drive is not a positive drive

12/03/24 3
 Toothed
Wheels

 In order to avoid the slipping, a

number of projections (called teeth) as
shown in Fig., are provided on the
periphery of the wheel A, which will
fit into the corresponding recesses on
the periphery of the wheel B.
 A friction wheel with the teeth cut
on it is known as toothed wheel or
gear

Kinematically, the friction wheels running without slip and toothed

gearing are identical. But due to the possibility of slipping of wheels, the
friction wheels can only be used for transmission of small powers.

12/03/24 4
 Advantages of Gear Drive
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large power.
3. It has high efficiency.
4. It has reliable service.
5. It has compact layout.
Disadvantages of Gear
Drive
1. The manufacture of gears require special tools and equipment.
2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation.

12/03/24 5
 Classification of Toothed Wheels

I. According to the position of axes of the shafts.

The axes of the two shafts between which the motion is to be transmitted, may be
(a)Parallel,
(b)Intersecting,
(c)Non-intersecting and non-parallel.

12/03/24 6
 Classification of Toothed Wheels

Parallel
1. The two parallel and co-planar shafts connected
by the gears are called spur gears and the
arrangement is known as spur gearing. These
gears have teeth parallel to the axis of the wheel.
2. Another name given to the spur gearing is
helical gearing, in which the teeth are inclined to
the axis.
3. The single and double helical gears connecting
parallel shafts are shown in Fig. The double
helical gears are known as herringbone gears.
Spur-used in gear Helical- textile industries, plastic
pumps and gear industries, food industries,
motors, clocks, conveyors, elevators, blowers,
washing and drying compressors, oil industries &
machines
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 Classification of Toothed Wheels

Non Parallel or Intersecting

 The two non-parallel or intersecting, but coplanar
shafts connected by gears are called bevel gears and
the arrangement is known as bevel gearing.
 The bevel gears, like spur gears, may also have their
teeth inclined to the face of the bevel, in which case
they are known as helical bevel gears.

locomotives, marine applications, automobiles-

differential, printing presses, cooling towers,
power plants, steel plants, railway track
inspection machines

12/03/24 8
 Classification of Toothed
Wheels

non-intersecting and non-parallel

 The two non-intersecting and non-parallel i.e. non-
coplanar shaft connected by gears is shown in Fig
 These gears are called skew bevel gears or spiral gears and
the arrangement is known as skew bevel gearing or spiral
gearing.
 This type of gearing also have a line contact, the
rotation of which about the axes generates the two pitch
surfaces known as hyperboloids (A hyperboloid is the
solid
formed by revolving a straight line about an axis). cone crushers & sand
mixers, cooling
towers, fork lift,
Equal bevel gears (having equal teeth)
packaging &food
connect two shafts whose axes are
processing industries
mutually perpendicular, then the bevel
gears are known as mitres
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 Classification of Toothed Wheels

II. According to the peripheral velocity of the gears.

(a)Low velocity,
(b)Medium velocity,
(c)High velocity

 The gears having velocity less than 3 m/s are termed as low velocity gears
 gears having velocity between 3 and 15 m/s are known as medium velocity
gears.
 velocity of gears is more than 15 m/s, then these are called high speed gears.

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 Classification of Toothed Wheels

III. According to the type of gearing

(a)External gearing,
(b)Internal gearing,
(c)Rack and pinion.

External Gearing
 In external gearing, the gears of the
two shafts mesh externally with each
other as shown in Fig.
 The larger of these two wheels is
called spur wheel and the smaller
wheel is called pinion.
 In an external gearing, the motion of
the two wheels is always unlike, as
shown in Fig.
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 Classification of Toothed Wheels

Internal Gearing

 In internal gearing, the gears of the

two shafts mesh internally with each
other as shown in Fig.
 The larger of these two wheels is
called annular wheel and the smaller
wheel is called pinion.
 In an internal gearing, the motion of
the two wheels is always like, as
shown in Fig.

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 Classification of Toothed
Wheels

Rack and Pinion

 Sometimes, the gear of a shaft meshes

externally and internally with the gears in a
straight line(defined as a wheel of infinite
radius), as shown in Fig. Such type of gear
is called rack and pinion.
 The straight line gear is called rack and the
circular wheel is called pinion.
 with the help of a rack and pinion, we can
convert linear motion into rotary motion and
vice-versa as shown in Fig.

Stairlifts, Actuators,Elevators, Gates, machine tools,

pick-and-place mechanisms, shaper machine
12/03/24 13
 Classification of Toothed
Wheels

IV. According to position of teeth on the gear surface

The teeth on the gear surface may be
(a)Straight
(b)inclined,
(c)curved.

 the spur gears have straight teeth

 helical gears have their teeth inclined to the wheel rim.
 In case of spiral gears, the teeth are curved over the rim
surface

12/03/24 14
 Terms Used in Gears

12/03/24 15
 Terms Used in Gears

1. Pitch circle. It is an imaginary

circle which by pure rolling
action, would give the same
motion as the actual gear.
2. Pitch circle diameter. It is the
diameter of the pitch circle.
The size of the gear is usually
specified by the pitch circle
diameter. It is also known as
pitch diameter.
3. Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.

12/03/24 16
 Terms Used in Gears

4. Pressure angle or angle of

obliquity.
It is the angle between the
common normal to two
gear teeth at the point of
contact and the common
tangent at the pitch point. It is
usually denoted by φ.
The standard pressure angles
are141/2 ° and 20°.
5. Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the
tooth.
6. Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of
the tooth.
12/03/24 17
 Terms Used in Gears

7. Addendum circle. It is the circle

drawn through the top of the
teeth and is concentric with
the pitch circle.
8. Dedendum circle. It is the circle
drawn through the bottom of
the teeth. It is also called
root circle.
9. Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle
from a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually
denoted by pc. Mathematically

two gears will mesh together correctly, if the two wheels have the same circular18pitch
12/03/24
 Terms Used in Gears

10. Diametral pitch. It is the ratio

of number of teeth to the pitch
circle diameter in millimetres.
It is denoted by pd .

11. Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of
teeth. It is usually denoted by m. Mathematically

12/03/24 19
 Terms Used in Gears

12. Clearance. It is the radial

distance from the top of the
tooth to the bottom of the
tooth, in a meshing gear. A
circle passing through the top
of the meshing gear is known
as clearance circle.

13. Total depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum
circles of a gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum

14. Working depth. It is the radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance
circle. It is equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears.

12/03/24 20
 Terms Used in Gears

15. Tooth thickness. It is the width

of the tooth measured along the
pitch circle
16. Tooth space . It is the width of
space between the two adjacent
teeth measured along the pitch
circle.
17. Face of tooth. It is the surface of the gear tooth above the pitch surface.

18. Flank of tooth. It is the surface of the gear tooth below the pitch surface.

19. Top land. It is the surface of the top of the tooth.

20. Face width. It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its axis.

12/03/24 21
 Terms Used in Gears
21. Path of contact. It is the path traced
by the point of contact of two teeth
from the beginning to the end of
engagement.
22. Length of the path of contact. It is
the length of the common normal
cut-off by the addendum circles of
the wheel and pinion.
23. Arc of contact. It is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle from the
beginning to the end of engagement of a given pair of teeth.
The arc of contact consists of two parts, i.e.
(a) Arc of approach. It is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning of the
engagement to the pitch point.
(b) Arc of recess. It is the portion of the path of contact from the pitch point to the end
of the engagement of a pair of teeth.
24. Contact ratio: The ratio of the length of arc of contact to the circular pitch is
known as contact ratio i.e. number of pairs of teeth in contact.
12/03/24 22
 Gear materials
 The material used for the manufacture of gears depends upon the strength and
service conditions like wear, noise etc. The gears may be manufactured from
metallic or non-metallic materials.
 The metallic gears with cut teeth are commercially obtainable in cast iron, steel
and bronze.
 The nonmetallic materials like wood, raw hide, compressed paper and synthetic
resins like nylon are used for gears, especially for reducing noise.
 The cast iron is widely used for the manufacture of gears due to its good wearing
properties, excellent machinability and ease of producing complicated shapes by
casting method. The cast iron gears with cut teeth may be employed, where smooth
action is not important.
 The steel is used for high strength gears and steel may be plain carbon steel or
alloy steel. The steel gears are usually heat treated in order to combine properly the
toughness and tooth hardness.
 The phosphor bronze is widely used for worm gears in order to reduce wear of the
worms which will be excessive with cast iron or steel

12/03/24 23
 Law of gearing
 the common normal at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always
pass through the pitch point

Velocity of Sliding of Teeth

 The velocity of sliding is the velocity of one tooth relative to its mating tooth along
the common tangent at the point of contact
 velocity of sliding is proportional to the distance of the point of contact from the
pitch point.

12/03/24 24
 Length of
Path of
Contact
 Consider a pinion
driving the wheel
as shown in Fig.
 When the pinion
rotates in
clockwise
direction, the
contact between a
pair of teeth begins
at K (on the flank
near the base circle
of pinion or the outer
end of the tooth face
on the wheel) and
ends at L (outer end
of the tooth face on
the pinion or on the
flank near the base
circle of wheel).
12/03/24 25
 Length of
Path of
Contact
 MN is the
common normal
at the point of
contacts and the
common tangent
to the base
circles.
 The point K is
the intersection
of the addendum
circle of wheel
and the common
tangent.
 The point L is
the intersection
of the addendum
circle of pinion
and common
tangent.
12/03/24 26
 length of path of
contact is the
length of common
normal cutoff by
the addendum
circles of the wheel
and the pinion.
 length of path of
contact is KL
which is the sum of
the parts of the
path of contacts KP
and PL.
 The part of the
path of contact KP
is known as path of
approach and the
part of the path of
contact PL is
known as path of
recess
27
 Length of Path of Contact
 Length of the path of contact = Length of the part of the path of contact, or the
path of approach + Length of the part of the path of contact, or path of recess

φ = Pressure angle or angle of

obliquity.

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 Length of Arc of
Contact
 arc of contact is the
path traced by a point
on the pitch circle from
the beginning to the
end of engagement of a
given pair of teeth
 In Fig., the arc of contact
is EPF or GPH.
 Considering the arc of
contact GPH, it is divided
into two parts i.e. arc GP
and arc PH.
 The arc GP is known as
arc of approach and the
arc PH is called arc of
recess. The angles
subtended by these arcs at
O1 are called angle of
approach and angle of
recess respectively.
12/03/24 29
 Length of Arc of Contact
 Length of the arc of contact = Length of the arc of approach + Length of the arc of
recess

12/03/24 30
 Contact Ratio (or Number of Pairs of Teeth in
Contact)

 The contact ratio or the number of pairs of teeth in contact is defined as the ratio of
the length of the arc of contact to the circular pitch
 Larger the contact ratio, more quietly the gears will operate

12/03/24 31
 Numerical Problems

1. The number of teeth on each of the two equal spur gears in mesh are
40. The teeth have 20° involute profile and the module is 6 mm. If the
arc of contact is 1.75 times the circular pitch, find the addendum.

12/03/24 32
 Numerical Problems

2. A pinion having 30 teeth drives a gear having 80 teeth. The profile of

the gears is involute with 20°pressure angle, 12 mm module and 10 mm
addendum. Find the length of path of contact, arc of contact
and the contact ratio.

12/03/24 33
 Forms of Teeth
In actual practice following are the two types of teeth commonly used :
1. Cycloidal teeth
2. Involute teeth

The involute tooth profile is generally used almost everywhere and given preference
over cycloidal tooth profile.

12/03/24 34
 Forms of Teeth
What is involute gear?

 All the gear teeth have a top flat portion and two
side curves. The side curves for the involute gears
are in the form of the involute curve of the circle.
 It can be generated by the locus of an endpoint of
an imaginary taut string unwinding from the circle.

An involute of a curve is the locus of a point on a

piece of taut string as the string is either unwrapped
from or wrapped around the curve. It is a class of
curves coming under the roulette family of curves.

12/03/24 35
 Forms of Teeth

What is cycloidal gear?

The cycloidal is a curve generated by a locus of

any point on a circle which is rolling around
another circle gears whose teeth profile is made of
cycloidal curves is called cycloidal gears.
The produced curve is called epicycloid, if the
second circle rolls outside the first circle.
The produced curve is called hypocycloid, if the
second circle rolls inside the first circle.

In geometry, a cycloid is the curve traced by a

point on a circle as it rolls along a straight line
without slipping.

12/03/24 36
 Forms of Teeth
Involute gear :
Pressure angle remains constant throughout the operation this leads to smooth-running
operation of the gears.
It involves a single curve for the teeth resulting in simplicity of manufacturing.
Teeth have radial flanks thus are weaker.
It is simple to manufacture due to the convex surface and thus are cheaper.
The velocity ratio is not affected by a little variation in the centre distance.
Interference takes place.
Due to two convex surfaces are in contact, more wear and tear takes place.
Line of action is straight.
Suitable for motion as well as power transmission.

12/03/24 37
 Forms of Teeth
Cycloidal gear :
Pressure angle keeps on changing varies from a maximum at the beginning, reduced to
zero at the pitch point and again increases to maximum this result leads to less smooth-
running operation of the gears.
It involves a double curve for the teeth resulting in the complication in manufacturing.
Teeth have spreading flanks thus are stronger.
It is difficult to manufacture due to the requirement of hypocycloid and epicycloid and
thus are costlier.
To transmit a constant velocity ratio, an exact centre distance is needed.
There is no interference.
Due to concave surfaces are in contact, less wear and tear takes place.
Line of action is curve.
Suitable for motion transmission only.

12/03/24 38
12/03/24 39
 Interference
in Involute
Gears
 Fig. shows a pinion
with centre O1, in
mesh with wheel or
gear with centre O2
 MN is the common
tangent to the base
circles and KL is the
path of contact
between the two
mating teeth.
 if the radius of
the addendum
circle of pinion is
increased to O1N,
the point of
contact L will
move from L to
N.
12/03/24 40
 Interference in
Involute Gears
 When this radius is
further increased, the
point of contact L will
be on the inside of
base circle of wheel
and not on the involute
profile of tooth on
wheel.

The tip of tooth on the pinion will then undercut the tooth on the wheel
at the root and remove part of the involute profile of tooth on the wheel.
This effect is known as interference, and occurs when
the teeth are being cut. In brief, the phenomenon when
the tip of tooth undercuts the
root12/03/24
on its mating gear is known as interference. 41
 Interference in
Involute Gears
 Similarly, if the radius of the
addendum circle of the
wheel increases beyond
O2M, then the tip of tooth on
wheel will cause interference
with the tooth on pinion. The
points M and N are called
interference points.

Obviously, interference may be avoided if the path of contact does not extend
beyond interference points. The limiting value of the radius of the addendum circle of
the pinion is O1N and of the wheel is O2M.

12/03/24 42
 Interference in
Involute Gears
 interference may
only be avoided, if
the
point of contact
between the two
teeth is always on
the involute profiles
of both the teeth
 interference may only be prevented, if the
addendum circles of the two mating gears cut the
common tangent to the base circles between the
 points of tangency
When interference is just avoided, the maximum length of path of contact is MN
when the maximum addendum circles for pinion and wheel pass through the points
of tangency N and M respectively
12/03/24 43
Interference in
Involute Gears

12/03/24 44
 Interference in
Involute Gears
Note:
 In case the addenda on pinion and wheel is
such that the path of approach and path of
recess are half of their maximum possible
values, then

12/03/24 45
 Numerical Problems

3. Two mating gears have 20 and 40 involute teeth of module 10 mm and

20° pressure angle. The addendum on each wheel is to be made of such a
length that the line of contact on each side of the pitch point has half the
maximum possible length. Determine the addendum height for each gear
wheel, length of the path of contact, arc of contact and contact ratio

12/03/24 46