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Lecture_2_Appliction_Layer-1

Computer Network series

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18 views

Lecture_2_Appliction_Layer-1

Computer Network series

Uploaded by

Surid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Application Layer Protocols

Course Code: CSC 3116 Course Title: Computer Networks

Dept. of Computer Science


Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 2 Week No: 2 Semester: Summer 23_24


Lecturer: Nusrat Jahan Anannya, [email protected]
Lecture Outline

1. Different layers of Protocol


2. Protocol Types
3. HTTP
4. DNS
What is Protocol?

Protocol: In computer networks, communication occurs between entities in


different systems. However, two entities can not simply send bit streams to each
other and expect to be understood. For communication to occur, the entities
must agree on a protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communications. A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is
communicated, and when it is communicated.

Example: HTTP, FTP, TCP,IP etc.


Different Layers Protocol
Protocol Types

PUSH protocol: In push protocols, the client opens a connection to the


server and keeps it constantly active. The server will send (push) all new events
to the client using that single always-on connection. In other words, the server
PUSHes the new events to the client. Example: SMTP

PULL protocol: In pull protocols, the client periodically connects to the


server, checks for and gets (pulls) recent events and then closes the
connection and disconnects from the server. The client repeats this whole
procedure to get updated about new events. In this mode, the clients
periodically PULLs the new events from the server. Example: HTTP
Application Layer Protocol: HTTP

•HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used across the world wide web (www)
for data transfer and is one of the most used application protocols.
•HTTP specifies a request/response protocol. When a client, typically a web
browser, sends a request message to a server, the HTTP protocol defines the
message types the client uses to request the web page and the message types
the server uses to respond
• The three common message types are:
■ GET
■ POST
■ PUT
Application Layer Protocol: HTTP (c o n
t .)

GET: It is a client request for data. A web browser sends the GET message to
request pages from a web server. As shown in Figure, when the server receives the
GET request, it responds with a status line, such as HTTP/1.1 200 OK, and a
message of its own, the body of which can be the requested file, an error
message, or some other information.
Application Layer Protocol: HTTP (c o n
t .)

• POST and PUT are used to send messages that upload data to the web server.
• For example, when the user enters data into a form embedded in a web page,
POST includes
the data in the message sent to the server.
• PUT uploads resources or content to the web server.
Application Layer Protocol: HTTP
runs on TC P

The transfer protocol used throughout the World Wide Web is HTTP (Hyper
Text Transfer Protocol). TCP provides a reliable data transfer service to HTTP,
using TCP port 80. This implies that each HTTP request message emitted by a
client process eventually arrives in tact at the server; similarly, each HTTP
response message emitted by the server process eventually arrives in tact at
the client. HTTP need not worry about lost data, or the details of how TCP
recovers from loss or reordering of data within the network. That is the job of
TCP and the protocols in the lower layers of the protocol stack
Application Layer Protocol: D N S

Domain Name Service (DNS):


1. DNS provides a core Internet function, translating hostnames to their
underlying IP addresses, for user applications and other software in the
Internet. The DNS protocol defines an automated service that matches
resource names with the required numeric network address
DNS uses a large number of name servers, organized in a hierarchical fashion and
distributed around the world. No one name server has all of the mappings for all
of the hosts in the internet. Instead, the mappings are distributed across the
name servers. There are three types of name servers:
1. Root name servers
2. Local name server
3. Authoritative name servers
D N S Hierarchy
DN S cont.

1. Root name servers: A root server contains information about the root and top-level
domains, When a local name server cannot immediately satisfy a query from a host
(because it does not have a record for the hostname being requested), the local name
server behaves as a DNS client and queries one of the root name servers.

2. Local name server: Each ISP - such as a university, an academic department, an


employee's company or a residential ISP - has a local name server (also called a default
name server). When a host issues a DNS query message, the message is first sent to the
host's local name server. The IP address of the local name server is typically configured by
hand in a host.
3. Authoritative name servers: Every host is registered with an authoritative name
server. Typically, the authoritative name server for a host is a name server in the host's
local ISP. Many name servers act as both local and authoritative name servers.
Internet Domain Names

As an example, consider a namespace with names of the form:


◦ local. site

where site is the site name authorized by the central authority, local is the
part of a name controlled by the site, and (".") is a delimiter used to separate
them.
adding a group subdivision to names already partitioned by site produces the
following name syntax:
local. group. site
Internet Domain Names (cont .)
Example: cs .purdue . edu
contains three labels: cs, purdue, and edu. Any suffix of a label in a domain name is also called a
domain. In the above example the lowest level domain is cs .purdue. edu, (the domain name for
the Computer Science Department at Purdue University), the second level domain is purdue.
edu (the domain name for Purdue University), and the top-level domain is edu (the domain
name for educational institutions). As the example shows, domain names are written with
the local label first and the top domain last.
DNS: How it works?
Example: Hannah want to connect at www.fredsco.com

1.Hannah opens a browser, types in www.fredsco.com, and sends a DNS


resolution request to her DNS (example.com).
2.example.com's DNS doesn't know the name http://www.fredsco.com. However,
the DNS now has some configuration that tells it that if it doesn't know the
name, it should ask the DNS server at IP address 1.1.1.1 (Root server).
3.The DNS server at 1.1.1.1 has a table that lists the IP addresses of a bunch of
name servers. DNS server 1.1.1.1 knows that for all names that end in
“example.com,“ DNS 150.1.3.4 can resolve the names. It also knows that for all
names that end in "fredsco.com," DNS 199.1.1.3 can resolve the names. Finally,
DNS server 1.1.1.1 can direct each request to the right name server. This DNS
sends a message back to the example.com DNS, referring it to the DNS at
199.1.1.3.
D N S: How it works?

4. The example.com DNS repeats the name resolution request, now sending the
request to the DNS server at Fredsco (199.1.1.3).
5. The Fredsco DNS gets the request, and it knows the name and IP address. It
sends a reply to
the requesting host, namely, example.com's DNS server.
6.Finally, the example.com DNS server replies to Hannah, telling her that
www.fredsco.com resolves to IP address 199.1.1.2.
D N S: How it works? (cont.)
Different types of D N S queries

DNS queries can be classified according the manner in which a complete


request is processed. Generally queries can be classified as follows.
1. Recursive query: A recursive query is a kind of query, in which the DNS
server, who received
the sender’s query will do all the job of fetching the answer, and giving it
back to the sender.
During this process, the DNS server might also query other DNS server's in
the internet of the sender’s behalf, for the answer.
2. Iterative query OR Nonrecursive query: In an iterative query, the
name server, will not go and fetch the complete answer for the sender’s
query, but will give back a referral to other DNS server's, which might have
the answer.
Recursive query/ Iterative query

Fig: A query chain with iterative Fig: A query chain with recursive
queries. queries.
References

1. Data Communications and Networking, B. A. Forouzan,


McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition, 2007, USA.
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basics-computer-networking/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/co
mputer_networking.htm
Books

1. Data Communications and Networking, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,


Fourth Edition, 2007, USA.
2. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, J. F., Kurose, K. W. Ross,
Pearson Education, Inc., Sixth Edition, USA.
3. Official Cert Guide CCNA 200-301 , vol. 1, W. Odom, Cisco Press, First
Edition, 2019, USA.
4. CCNA Routing and Switching, T. Lammle, John Wily & Sons, Second
Edition, 2016, USA.
5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition,
2009, USA.
6. Data and Computer Communication, W. Stallings, Pearson Education, Inc.,
10th Education, 2013, USA.

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