Experimental Design

Experimental Design
Introduction:
• It is a plan used to collect the data relevant to the
problem under study in such a way as to provide the
basis for valid and objective inference about the stated
problem.
•In the context of modeling and simulation, an
experiment description refers to a structured plan that
outlines the conditions, variables, and methods for
conducting experiments using a simulation model. It
specifies how the simulation will be run to test
hypotheses, study system behaviors, or predict
outcomes.
• The plan consists of:
• 1) Selection of treatments whose effects
are to be studied
• 2) The specification of the experimental
layout
• 3) The assignment of treatments to the
experimental units
• 4) Collection of observation for analysis
• An experiment is planned to:
• a) Get maximum information for
minimum expenditure in the min.
possible time
• b) Avoid systematic errors.
• c) Evaluate the outcomes critically and
logically
• d) Ignore spurious effect, if any
Following consideration
used to planning of exp.:

• 1) What is the exp.inteded to do?

• 2) What is the nature of treatments or
dependent variable and how are they to be
estimated?
• 3) How is the independent variable likely to
effect the treatments or dependent variables?
• 4) Are the factors to be held constant or varied?
If varied whether the variation is quantitative or
qualitative?
Analysis of experiment

• The sigificance of difference between

the means of 2 different samples can
be tested by
• Paired t-test or Z-test depending on
the sample size.
• If the sample size is less than 30 ----t-
test
• ----------------------more than 30 ----Z-test
• Salesman 2 factor
• Time period 4
• Objective is to test the significance of
difference between the mean sales
reveneu t-test or ztest
• If the no.of sales man or factor is n more
than 2 then F-test can be used if more
then 2 then a comprehensive technique
Analysis of Variance ---ANOVA can be used
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
( ANOVA)
• Decompositionng of total variability
into its components is called analysis
of variance
Types of factors:
• A factor ,which has effect on response
variable of an exp.
• 1) Fixed factor:In an exp.,if a specific set
of treatments of a factor is selected with
certainty ,then that factor is termed as fixed
factor.In such case the inference of the
analysis of the exp. is applied to only the set
of treatments of that factor. e.g if 4
salesman A,B,C and D ----effect on sales
• then the inference is applied to only those 4.
2) Random Factor:
• In an exp. , if a set of treatments of factors is
selected randomly from among the available
treatments ,then that factor is termed as
random factor. Under such situation, the
inference of analysis of the exp.can be
generalized to all of the treatment of factor.
• e.g if four salesmen A,D ,M and X are selected
randomly from available A,B,C-----Z for
studying their effect on the sales revenue
 Effect of different explants
sources on shoot induction
• Explant No. of explant cultured Days to shoot
initiation No.of t.t Shoot initiation showing result

• Apical meristem 10 8-9 9

•
• Axillary meristem 10 10-12 7.2
•
• Nodal region 10 12-15 6.8
• Explant = Factor =1
• Level of factor or treatments=3
• Replicate = 5 are carried out to
minimize the error
• Response variable =2 Days , No. of
t.t
• e.g. Replicate of 8-9=10,8,9,10,9
Types of Design:
• 2 types: 1) Systematic 2) Random
• Analysis of variance techniques are suitable
to randomized design only.The basic
randomized design are
• 1) Completely randomized design
• 2) Randomized complete block
• 3) Latin Square
• 4) Duncan”multiple range test
• 5) Factorial design
Basic Principles of
Experimental Design:
• 1) Randomization 2) Replication 3) Local control
• 1) Randomization: It is a random process assigning
treatments to the experimental units . Random -----
every sample has the equal possibility to selection.
• 2) Replication:It is the repetition of basic exp.or It
is a complete run of all the treatments to be tested in
an exp.It is used to ovoid the variation in an exp..An
individual repetition is called a replicate.It is used to:
• 1) To secure more accurate estimates of the
experimental error
• 2) To decrease the experimental error and increase
the precis
• 3) Local Control: It is a term
referring to the amount of
balancing ,blocking and grouping of
the experimental unit. The main
purpose is to increase the efficiency
of an exp.design by decreasing the
experimental error.
1) Completely Randomized
design
• CR is the simplest type of the basic design ,in which
the treatments are assigned to experimental units
completely at random.i.e the randomization is done
without any restriction.The design is completely
flexible i.e any no. of treatments and any no. of units
per treatment may be used.
• A CR is used in these situation: a) The experimental
units are homogenious b) The exp. are small on
Lab.scale.
• Experimental Layout: The layout of an exp. is the
actual placement of the treatments on the
experimental units ,which may pertain to time,space
or type of material.An example of the experimental
layout for CR using 4 treatmentsA,B,C,D, each
repeated 3 times:
• 1: CABD 2) CBCA 3) ADDB
• Advantages of CR:
• 1) The design is v.simple and is easily
laid out.
• 2) It has the simplest statistical analysis
• 3)It provides the maximum no.of degree
of freedom for error sum of square.
2) Randomized complete
block design
• A RCB design may be defined as one in which
• 1) The experimental material is divided into groups or
blocks in such a manner that the experimental units
within a particular block are relatively homogeneous.
• 2)Each block contains a complete set of treatments
i.e it constitutes a replication of treatments.
• 3) The treatments are assigned at random to the
experimental units within each block,which means
that randomization is restricted within blocks.

• It is the most frequently used experimental design.

Advantages and
disadvantages:
• 1) The source of variation is controlled by
grouping the experimental material and
hence the estimate of the experimental
error is decreased.
• 2) The design is flexible i.e any no.not less
than 2 of replication may be run and any
no. of treatments may be tested.
• 3) The exp. can be set up easily.
• 4) It is easy to adjust for the missing
observations
• Disadvantages:
• 1) It controls variability only in one
direction
• 2) It is not a suitable design when the
no. of treatments is v.large or when
the blocks are not homogeneous
3) Latin Square design:
•
• The experimental error in RCB design is
reduced by controlling the source of
extraneous variation in one direction i.e by
grouping the experimental units in one
way. When the variation is found in two
directions, it becomes necessary to
remove these two sources of variation
simultaneously.This end is achieved by
simultaneously blocking of experimental
Units in two mutually perpendicular
directions called Rows and Columns.
• So each column and rows is a complete
block, the grouping for a balanced
arrangement is performed that each
treatment must appear once in each row
and each column. If there are k treatments,
the experimental area will be divided into k
rows and k columns resulting in k2 plot. or
experimental units, as the exp. is laid in
square pattern. The treatments are then
assigned at random to plots or
experimental units.
• Such a double blocking of experimental
units and a corresponding doubly
restricted random assignment is called a
Latin Square design. LS design is an
arrangement of k treatments in a kxk
square ,where the treatments are grouped in
blocks in two direction and treatments appear
once and only once in each direction. In LS
design ,the no. of rows ,the no. of columns
and the no. of treatments must all be equal
• Experimental layout:
• 1) It always constructed by rotation.
• e.g Five fertilizers A,B,C,D and E
were tested by arranging plants in LS
design in the field .Yield is shown as.
Advantages and
disadvantages:

• 1) LS design reduces the error

variance by controlling the two sources
of variation.
• 2) It is more efficient than a RCB design.
• 3)It is less flexible than RCB design.it is
practical only for 5-10 treatments. More
than 10 it is seldom used.
Disadvantage:

• 1) Replication in LS design is costly

• 2) In agricultural experimentation,
the land requirement is rigid, the
actual layout may be laborious and
the approach to the central most
plots is difficult.
• 4) Factorial Design:
• If the no. of factors is more than one, then
there is need for generalized design of
experiment is called as factorial design.
e.g Exper. are often planned to
investigate the effect of different rates of
fertilizers,diff.dates of planting , diff.
categories of education, differ. Intensities
of stimulus etc.
• Independent
variables :fertilizers,planting,education,stimul
us are called factors.
• The values are such as rates,dates,categories
and intensities are known as levels or effects
• An exper. is called a factorial experiment if
the treatment consist of all possible
combinations of several levels of several
factors.
4) Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test:
• In statistics, Duncan's new multiple
range test (MRT) is a multiple
comparison procedure developed by
David B. Duncan in 1955. Duncan's
MRT belongs to the general class of
multiple comparison procedures that
use the studentized range statistic qr
to compare sets of means
• If there is significant difference
between the treatment means of the
factor with respect to that
component in terms of the response
variable,then one can use Duncan
multiple range test to compare the
means of the treatments of that
component in that model.
• Duncan’s Multiple Range test is convenient,
because it combines the ease of hypothesis
testing with the power of testing each mean
to each mean.
• There are a number of methods to test
WHICH factors matter.
• It is used to compare the means of
treatments of that component in that model.
This test was developed by Duncan (1955)
• The steps of this test are:
• Step-1: Arrange the treatments
averages in the ascending order from
left to right.
•
• Step-2: Find the standard error of each
treatment mean .
•