Power system
Fundamentals of Di stribution Systems
Primary Voltage Levels .A
Distribution Substations .B
Subtransmission Systems .C
.D
loads
Lines and charactrestic
Overhead Lines •
Typical Constructions •
Conductor Data •
Line Impedances •
Simplified Line Impedance Calculations •
Line Impedance Tables •
Conductor Sizing •
Neutral Conductor Sizing •
switches
Switch types •
Switch contact design •
Contact "normal" state and make/break •
sequence
"Contact "bounce •
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS 119 •
Relay construction •
Contactors . •
. Time-delay relays •
. . . . . Protective relays •
Solid-state relays •
THE STRUCTURE OF THE POWER SYSTEM
An interconnected power system is a complex •
enterprise that may be subdivided into the
:following major subsystems
Generation Subsystem • •
Transmission and Subtransmission • •
Subsystem
Distribution Subsystem • •
Utilization Subsystem • •
Generation Subsystem
.This includes generators and transformers •
Generators – An essential component of power systems is the •
threephase
.ac generator known as synchronous generator or alternator •
Synchronous generators have two synchronously rotating •
:fields
:rotor driven at synchronous speed and excited by dc current •
One field is produced by the rotor-1 •
The other field is-2
produced in the stator windings by the three-phase armature •
.currents
The dc •
current for the rotor windings is provided by •
excitation systems. In the older units, the •
exciters are dc generators mounted on the
same shaft, providing excitation through slip
rings
Current systems use ac generators with •
rotating rectifiers, known as brushless
excitation systems
The sources of the mechanical power
The source of the mechanical power, •
commonly known as the prime
,mover, may be 1-hydraulic turbines •
steam turbines whose energy comes from -2 •
the burning of coal, gas and nuclear fuel
gas turbines, or occasionally internal -3 •
.combustion engines burning oil •
types of generating of power
Steam turbines operate at relatively high •
.speeds of 3600 or 1800 rpm
The generators to which they are coupled are •
cylindrical rotor, two-pole for
rpm, or four-pole for 1800 rpm 3600 •
.operation
,In a power station •
Several generators are operated in parallel in •
the power grid to provide the total power
needed. They are connected at a common •
point called a bus
fossil fuels
sources of the sun
Some alternate sources uses geothermal power,
wind power
Transformers
The transformer transfers power with very high •
efficiency from one level of voltage to another level. •
The power transferred to
the secondary is almost the same as the primary, •
except for losses in the
.transformer •
Using a step-up transformer will reduce losses in •
the line, which
makes the transmission of power over long •
distances possible
Insulation requirements and other practical design problems limit
the
generated voltage to low values, usually 30 kV. Thus, step-up
transformers are
used for transmission of power. At the receiving end of the
transmission lines
step-down transformers are used to reduce the voltage to suitable
values for
distribution or utilization. The electricity in an electric power
system may
undergo four or five transformations between generator and
.consumers
