Surface Irrigation system Evaluation
-Irrigation system may or may not be well designed and
properly operated
-Evaluate actual operation and management
-Determine potential for more economic and efficient
operation
-Provide direction to management whether to
continue existing practices or to improve them
-Improved water management conserves-
water
labour
Soil and
increase crop yield
Measurements for Evaluation of SI Systems
Field Data to be Collected-
-Inflow- outflow discharge
-Water advance and recession
-Soil moisture prior to irrigation
-Water holding capacity of soil
-Geometry and cross-section of the field
Performance measures-
-Water Conveyance Efficiency
-Water Application Efficiency
-Water Application uniformity/Water distribution unif.
-Water Requirement Efficiency/Water storage Effic.
-Deep percolation losses
Deep Percolation Losses
Infiltration- I = k ta
t x+ t 0 t0
ሺ 𝑅+ 1ሻ 𝑎 − 𝑅𝑎
Bishop ( 1954 ) Equation L
P = 100* ሺ 𝑅+ 1ሻ 𝑎 + 𝑅𝑎
R = to/tx dn
Deep percolation-Pd D
½ ( D – dn)*L D –dn Pd
1/2( 𝐷− 𝑑𝑛) ∗𝐿
Total subsurface storage-vs
1/2( 𝐷+ 𝑑𝑛) ∗𝐿
1/2( D + dn) * L
-Deep Percolation
P = (Pd/Vs)*100 P = 100*
dn= K t 0a D = K ( to + t x ) a
1/2( 𝐷− 𝑑𝑛) ∗𝐿
P = 100* 1/2( 𝐷+ 𝑑𝑛) ∗𝐿
1
[ ሺ 𝐾ሺ 𝑡0+𝑡𝑥ሻ 𝑎 −𝐾𝑡𝑜𝑎 ሿ∗𝐿
dn= K t 0a D = K ( to + tx ) a
2
P = 100 * 1
[ሺ 𝐾ሺ 𝑡0+𝑡𝑥ሻ 𝑎 +𝐾𝑡𝑜𝑎 ሿ∗𝐿
2
P = 100* [ ( to + tx )a - t0a ]/ [ ( to + tx )a +t0a ]
P = 100* txa[ ( to/tx + 1 )a - (t0/tx)a ]/txa[ ( to/tx + 1 )a +(t0/tx)a ]
ሺ 𝑅+1ሻ 𝑎 −𝑅𝑎
P= 100*ሺ
𝑅+1ሻ 𝑎 +𝑅𝑎 R = to/tx
-Deep Percolation Ratio -DPR
DPR= Vol of deep percolation/vol of water applied to field
Field Percolation losses
1) - L
D dn d =d n
D= U/S irrig depth
dn= net irrig depth
2) - d= D/S irrig depth
D dn d > dn L=field length
3)- d < dn D= 5 cm, d = 3 cm
D dn dn = 4 cm
Calculate P
Example:
Calculate deep percolation losses using Bishop Equation for
200 m long Border. The time of water advance to the lower end
of the border was 95 min and the required net depth of
irrigation was 5 cm.
The water infiltration of the soil my be expressed by the
following water infiltration function.
I = 0.2 t 0.7
Where I = depth of cumulative infiltration in cm and t = time of
infiltration in min.
to = ( 5/0.2)1/0.7 = 99.3 min = 99 min,
R =99/95= 1.04
P =[(2.04)0.7 -(1.04)0.7]/[(2.04)0.7 +(1.04)0.7 ]
= 0.23, 23 %
Irrigation System
Qi, Wi, Vi
Water Source main canal
water conveyance System
Distributaries and vfg water application system
sub-main fields
Qf, Wf, Vf
field channel qr
qi wf w. Storage syst. ws
dn Dp
Water Conveyance Efficiency -
- Efficiency = Output/Input
Ec =100 Qf/Qi or = 100 Wf/Wi =100*Vf/ Vi
Where Qi , Wi = discharge or amount at water source
Qf , Wf = discharge or amount at inlet of field
Water Application Efficiency-
Ea = 100 Ws/Wf
Where Ws = water stored in crop root zone
Wf = water applied to field
Wf = Qf * time of irrigation
Ws = Wf – water losses in field application
or Ws = width of the field * area of subsurface
storage in crop root zone
water storage efficiency (Es),
Adequacy of an irrigation is express in terms of water storage
efficiency (Es), defined as-
-Ratio between the storage depth (ds ) and the required
depth(dn) in crop root zone
Es=ds /dn or Ws/Wn
Wn = water needed in the root zone
= ( Water requirement – effective rainfall)
= dn * W*L
dn= net depth of irrigation
ds = depth of water stored in the root zone
W =Field width L = length of field
Ws = amount of water stored in root zone
water storage efficiency (Es),
Adequacy of an irrigation is express in terms of water
storage efficiency (Es), defined as-
-Ratio between the storage depth (d s ) and the required
depth(dn) in crop root zone
Es=ds /dn or Ws/Wn
Wn = water needed in the root zone
= ( Water requirement – effective rainfall)
= dn * W*L
dn= net depth of irrigation
W =Field width L = length of field
Ws = water stored in the root zone
Water Distribution Efficiency or Uniformity
σ൫│𝑑𝑎𝑣 − 𝑑𝑖│൯
1−
Ed = 100 { 𝑛 ∗ 𝑑𝑎𝑣
}
Where di = depth of water infiltration at location i
dav =average depth of water infiltration
n = total number of locations
Distribution Uniformity DU
DU = Davlq/Dav
Distribution Uniformity absolute low DUa
DUa = Dmin/Dav
Where Davlq = average infiltered depth in low quarter of field
Dav =average infiltered depth over whole field
Dmin = minimum depth infiltered
Example:
Point: x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9
di, mm- 101.5 99.8 99 99.8 101 102 100 98.5 98.4
dav=100mm
|dav – di| 1.5 0.2 1 0.2 1 2 0 1.5 1.6
Σ=9
Ed = ( 1 – 9/100*9 )*100 = 99%
DUa = 98.4/100 = 98.4 %
Davlq = ( 98.5 + 98.4)/2 = 98.45
DU = 98.45/100 = 98.45 %
-Application efficiency of low Quarter AELQ
AELQ = Av. Low quarter depth of water stored in the root zone/
Av. Depth of water applied
-Potential Application Efficiency of Low Quarter PELQ
PELQ = Av. Low quarter depth infiltrated when equal to MAD/Av.
Depth of water applied when MAD just satisfied
-AELA and PELA are used in place of AELQ and PELQ to denote the use of
absolute minimum depth instead of the average low quarter infiltrated
-Application efficiency of low absolute AELA
AELA= Minimum depth of water stored in the root zone/ Av. Depth
of water applied
-Tail Water Ratio-TWR- Indicate waterlosses by runoff-
TWR = Vol of runoff/ vol of water applied to field
-Deep Percolation Ratio-Indicates water loses in deep percolation
DPR = Vol of deep percolation/Vol of water applied to field
Graded open ended Border irrigation system laid in Sandy loam soil at 0.6% longitudinal
slope was to be evaluated. The width of the border was 10 m and the size of the inflow
stream was 14.2 lit/sec. The net depth of irrigation to be applied was 3.5 cm. The water
advance and recession data recorded were as under.
Distance of water advance, m 0 20 50 100 150 210
Time of water advance, min 0 5.6 17 38.7 67.2 110
Time of water recession, min 110 117 125 134.6 142.5 147.8
𝑞𝑡
Cumulative water infiltration may be expressed by the following relationship
𝑎 𝑡𝑏 ┌ ሺ 1+𝑏ሻ ┌(2−𝑏)
I = -c
Where:
a and b = coefficients of power water advance function X = a t b
I= depth of water infiltration,
q= inflow discharge per unit width,
C= average depth of surface flow, may be calculated using Manning’s uniform flow
formula . Manning’s roughness coefficient may be assumed as 0.04. Surface flow Shape
┌ = symbol for Gama Function
factor was equal to 0.665
Determine:
i) Water application efficiency
ii) Water requirement efficiency
iii) Water distribution Efficiency, iv) Distribution Uniformity
v) Distribution Uniformity absolute vi) Run-off ratio
vii) Deep percolation ration
Excel\msc-ev-17.xlsx
Question: Calculate distance of water advance in 10, 40 and 100 min using following
relationship
i) Israelson Equation
ii) Singh and Chauhan Model ( 1974 and 1092)
iii) Michael Equation for Lewis and Milne Model
iv) USDA-SCS relationship for furrow calculating qmax = 0.6/S
