Statistics &
Probability
Prepared by:
Lizel Joy G. Mayo-an
T-I
Classroom rules:
– Arrange your chairs properly.
– Keep all the things that are not
related to our class.
– Raise your hand if you have some
questions.
– Sit properly
– Always participate
Review:
Hypothesis Testing
• Hypothesis testing is a decision-
making process of evaluating
claims about a population based on
the characteristic of a sample from
that population. It decides whether
to reject or accept the null
hypothesis.
Hypothesis Testing
• Some use the following decisions: the null
hypothesis is rejected or failed to reject the
null hypothesis. Acceptance implies that the
null hypothesis is true. Failure to reject
implies that the data are not sufficient enough
to reject the null hypothesis. In this module,
your decision during hypothesis testing is
either reject the null hypothesis or the data
are not sufficient enough to reject the null
hypothesis.
Testing hypothesis follows
the following steps below.
1. Formulate the null and alternative
hypotheses
2. Select the level of significance and the test
type
3. Determine test statistic to be used
4. Compute the test statistic and critical values
5. Construct acceptance/rejection regions
6. Make a decision/draw a conclusion based on
steps 4 and 5
7. Interpret
Review:
Objectives:
• At the end of this 50 minutes
lesson, you must have;
– identified and
– formulated null and alternative
hypothesis.
Elicit:
What are the
mathematical signs you
encounter since
elementary up to this
time?
Please name them.
We only need these signs:
Activity no.1
• Instructions:
1.Make a group of 2 and distribute the different signs to the
members of the group.
2. Your teacher will show a statistical claim, and you have
to identify the symbol used in the sentence.
3. You can answer only once to give all the members a
chance to answer.
4. You have 10 seconds to raise the correct symbol used.
5. First group to raise the answer will earn points.
Note: All members of the group must participate and
please minimize your voice.
No. 1
The mean number of
years Filipinos work
before retiring is 34.
=
No. 2
At most 60 % of Filipinos
vote in presidential
elections.
<
No. 3
The mean starting salary
for Central Mindanao
University graduates is at
least 100,000 per year.
>
No. 4
Twenty-nine percent of
high school seniors get
drink each month.
=
No. 5
Fewer than 5% of adults
ride the bus to work in
Cagayan de Oro City.
<
No. 6
The mean number of cars
a person own in her
lifetime is not more than
ten.
<
No.7
About half of Filipinos
prefer to live away from
cities, given the choice.
=
No. 8
No. 9
The chance of developing
breast cancer is under
11% for women.
<
No. 10
Private universities’ mean
tuition cost more than
20,000 per year.
>
Take note:
Explore:
• Instructions:
– Form two groups (same group)
– Guess the hypothesis presented if it is Null or
Alternative.
– Raise your guess. First group that guessed
correctly will earn points.
– Note: All members of the group must raised
the correct symbol, no points will be given if
you failed to do so.
No. 1
The mean number of
years Filipinos work
before retiring is 34.
=
No. 2
At most 60 % of
Filipinos vote in
presidential elections.
<
No. 3
The mean starting salary
for Central Mindanao
University graduates is at
least 100,000 per year.
>
No. 4
Twenty-nine percent of
high school seniors get
drink each month.
=
No. 5
Fewer than 5% of adults
ride the bus to work in
Cagayan de Oro City.
<
No. 6
The mean number of cars
a person own in her
lifetime is not more than
ten.
<
No.7
About half of Filipinos
prefer to live away from
cities, given the choice.
=
No. 8
≠
No. 9
The chance of developing
breast cancer is under
11% for women.
<
No. 10
Private universities’ mean
tuition cost more than
20,000 per year.
>
Questions:
What is/are the basis of
your guess?
How did you know that it is
alternative or null?
Analyze the table:
Explain
The alternative hypothesis
will also determine the type
of hypothesis test that will
be conducted.
One-tailed test will be used
when using > or <.
Two-tailed test will be used
when ≠ is used.
Two Types of Hypothesis
Null Alternative
Hypothesis Hypothesis
In symbol:
Null hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
1. The average weight of all Grade 11
students in senior High School is 169
cm. Is this claim true?
Example:
2. The average price per sq.m of
residential lot in an exclusive
subdivision is above 15,000
pesos. A buyer want to test the
agent’s claim.
Answer:
Null hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
3. Holistic Fitness Center claims that
their member reduced an average of
13 pounds after joining the center.
An independent agency wanted to
check this claim took sample of 40
members and found that they
reduced an average of 12 pounds.
Answer:
Null hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
What are the null &
alternative
hypothesis?
4. The treasurer claims that the
average net worth of families in
the municipality is at least
730,000 pesos. A random
sample of 50 families from this
area produced a mean net
worth of 860,000 pesos with
standard deviation of 65,000
pesos.
Answer:
Alternative
Null hypothesis Hypothesis
What are the null & alternative
hypothesis?
5. An academic organization claimed
that Grade 11 student’s study time is
at most 240 minutes per day, on
average.
Extend:
• Create 5 samples of alternative hypothesis and
5 null hypothesis that are applicable/present in
your community.
• Write your answer in a ½ crosswise.
