Fluid flow

• Mention fluid properties such as viscosity,

compressibility and surface tension of
fluids.
• Hydrostatics (Fluidststics) influencing
fluid flow.
• Fluid dynamics‐ Bernoulli’s theorem,
flow of fluids in pipes, laminar and
turbulent flow.
VISCOSITY :-
Flow of Fluids
 FLUID FLOW
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows)
under an applied shear stress.

Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include

liquids, gases.

Fluid flow may be defined as the flow of substances that

do not permanently resist distortion

The subject of fluid flow can be divided into fluid static's

and fluid dynamics
 FLUID STATICS
Ø Fluid static's deals with the fluids at rest in
equilibrium
Ø Behavior of liquid at rest
Ø Nature of pressure it exerts and the variation of
pressure at different layers
Pressure differences between layers of
liquids
h2
Point 2

Point 1 h1
Consider a column of liquid with two openings Which
are provided at the wall of the vessel at different
height

The rate of flow through these openings are different

due to the pressure exerted at the different
heights are different

Consider a stationary column the pressure P is

acting on the surface of the fluid, column is
maintained at constant pressure by applying
pressure

The force acting below and above the point 1

are evaluated

Substituting the force with pressure x area of

cross section in the above equation
 Force on the surface
Force excreted by the
Force acting on the liquid = + liquid Above point
At point
1
1

Pressure at point 2 x Area = (Pressure on the surface area x surface area)

Pressure at point 1 x Area (Pressure on the surface area x surface area)

+ (mass x g)
=
P1S = P2S + volume x density x g

= P2S + height x area x density x

g
 P1s = P2s + volume x density x
g
= P2s + height x area x density
P1s =
x g P 2s + h 1 S ρ g
Since surface area is same

P1

Ps + h1 ρ g
Pressure acting on point 2 may be written as
P2 - P1 = g (Ps +Ph22 ρ )=– ( Ps P
+s h ρ)2 g
+1 h
ρ g∆P = (P + h ρ – P - h ρ ) g
s 2 s 1

∆P = ∆ h ρ g [F=Volume.ρ g]
Difference in the
pressure is --
FLDUIYDNAMICS
Ø Fluid dynamics deals with the study of
fluids in motion

 Ø This knowledge is important for liquids,

gels, ointments which will change their flow
behavior when exposed to different stress
conditions
MIXING

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

FILLED IN CONTAINER
 Importance
Identification of type of flow is important in
Manufacture of dosage forms
ü Handling of drugs for administration

The flow of fluid through a pipe can be

viscous or turbulent and it can be
determined by Reynolds number

Reynolds number have no unit

Reynolds
Experiment
 Glasstube is connected to
reservoir of water, rate of flow
of water is adjusted by a valve,
A reservoir of colored solution
is connected to one end of the
glass tube with help of nozzle.
 Colored solution is
introduced into the nozzle
as fine stream through jet
 water

valve
Colored liquid
LAMINAR OR VISCOUS FLOW

TURBULENT FLOW
 TYPES OF FLOW
1 Laminar flow is one in 1 When velocity of the
which the fluid particles water is increased the
move in layers or laminar thread of the colored
with one layer sliding with water disappears and
other mass of the water gets
2 There is no exchange of uniformly colored
fluid particles from one 2 There is complete mixing
layer to other of the solution and the flow of
3 Avg velocity = 0.5 Vmax the fluid is called as
4 Re < 2000 turbulent flow
3 Avg velocity = 0.8 Vmax
The velocity at which the fluid changes
4 Re from
>4000 laminar flow to
turbulent flow that velocity is called as critical velocity.
 REYNOLDS NUMBER
In Reynolds experiment the flow conditions are affected by

Diameter of pipe, m(D)

Average velocity, m/s (u)
Density of liquid, kg/m3 (ρ)
Viscosity of the fluid, Pa.s (η)
This four factors are combined in one way as Reynolds
number
Duρ INERTIAL FORCES
Re= = ------------------------------
η VISCOUS FORCES

Ø Inertial forces are due to mass and the velocity of the

fluid particles trying to diffuse the fluid particles
Ø viscous force if the frictional force due to the viscosity of
the fluid which make the motion of the fluid in parallel.
¬ At low velocities the inertial forces are
less when compared to the frictional forces
¬ Resulting flow will be viscous in nature
¬ Other hand when inertial forces are
predominant the fluid layers break up due to
the increase in velocity hence turbulent flow
takes place.
¬ If Re < 2000 the flow I said to be laminar
¬ If Re > 4000 the flow is said to be turbulent
¬ If Re lies between 2000 to 4000 the
flow change between laminar to
turbulent
 APPLICATIONS
Ø Reynolds number is used to predict the nature of
the flow
Ø Stocks law equation is modified to include
Reynolds number to study the rate of
sedimentation in suspension

When velocity is plotted against the distance from the

wall following conclusions can be drawn
Ø The flow of fluid in the middle of the pipe is
faster then the fluid near to the wall
Ø At the actual surface of the pipe – wall the
velocity of the fluid is zero
 Relative distance from
the center of the pipe

U/U
max
Pipe wall

Viscous flow
Turbulent flow
 BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
When the principals of the law of energy is applied to the
flow of the fluids the resulting equation is a Bernoulli's
theorem
Ø Consider a pump working under isothermal conditions
between points A and B
Ø Bernoulli's theorem statement, "In a steady state the
total energy per unit mass consists of pressure, kinetic
and potential energies are constant"
B
Kinetic energy = u2 / 2g
Pump

Pressure energy = PA / ρAg XB

A Pump head=
W
XA
Friction energy = F
Ø At point A one kilogram of liquid is assumed to be entering at point
a,
Pressure energy = PA /g ρ A
Where PA = Pressure at point A, Pa
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/s
ρ A = Density of the liquid A, kg/m3
Potential energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by
the body by the virtue of its position
Potential energy = XA
Kinetic energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by
the body by virtue of its motion,
2
kinetic energy = U A /
2g

Total energy at point A = Pressure energy + Potential energy + K. E

Total energy at point A = Pa / ρAg + XA + 2 UA

/ 2g
According to the Bernoulli's theorem the total energy A
atispoint
constant

Total energy at point A = PA /g ρA +XA2+ (UA / 2g) =

Constant

After the system reaches the steady state, whenever one kilogram of liquid
enters at point A, another one kilogram of liquid leaves at point B

Total energy at point B = PB /g ρ A +XB2 + UB

/ 2g

PA /g ρ A +XA + 2 / 2g) + Energy added by the pump

(UA = PB /g ρB +XB + 2 / 2g)
(UB
Theoretically all kinds of the energies involved in fluid flow should be
accounted, pump has added certain amount of energy
During the transport some energy is converted to heat due to
Frictional forces

Energy loss due to friction in the line

=F
Energy added by pump = W

Pa /ρ A +XA + UA 2 / 2g – F + W = PB /ρ B +XB + UB 2 / 2g

This equation is called as Bernoulli's equation

 Application of
BERNOULLI'S THEOREM

 Used in the measurement of rate of

fluid flow using flowmeters (Orifice
meter, Venturi meter).
 It applied in the working of the
centrifugal pump, in this kinetic
energy is converted in to pressure,
which helps in pumping the fluids.
 ENERGY LOSS
According to the law of conversation of energy,
energy balance have to be properly calculated.
Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the
energy loss. Fluids experiences energy losses in
several ways
while flowing through pipes, they are
1) Frictional losses
2) Losses in the fitting
3) Enlargement losses
4) Contraction losses
1) Friction Losses:-
During the flow of fluids, frictional forces cause a
loss in pressure (∆P)
In general,
the pressure drop (∆Pf) due to friction in a fluid
(viscous or turbulent) is:
Fanning Equation is used for calculating
frictional loss, irrespective of the nature of flow
(Viscous or Turbulent)
∆P = 2fu2Lρ/ D
f, frictional factor and ∆P, pressure drop, Pa
The value of f depends on:
 Nature of the fluid (turbulent or viscous)
 Roughness of the inner surface of the pipe
For viscous flow, Hagen-poiseuille equation
could be employed for calculating pressure drop
(∆P)

∆P = 32Lu ɳ/ D2
If the viscosity (ɳ) is known, this equation
permits the calculation of pressure drop.
2) Losses in Fitting:-

When fitting are introduced into a straight pipe,

they cause disturbance in the flow, results in
additional loss of energy

Loss in fittings may be due to

- Change in direction, Eg. Elbow fittings
- Change in the type of fitting, Eg. Tee fitting,
coupling fitting and valve or meter fitting.
 3) Enlargement Losses:-
If cross section of the pipe enlarges gradually, the
fluid adapts itself to the changed section without
any disturbance.
Therefore, no loss of energy at this point.
If cross section of pipe changes suddenly, loss of
energy observed due to eddies. (u2 < u1)

Sudden enlargement loss (∆He) = u1 – u2/2g

 4) Contraction Losses:-
If the cross section of the pipe is reduced
suddenly, the fluid is disturbed.
u2 > u1,
Then, u1 may be considered as negligible.

Sudden contraction losses: ∆Hc = K u22 / 2g

No loss in gradual contraction.

THANK-YOU