Presented by: DANIAH A.
HADJI
ISMAEL
ESSENTIALISM IN Philosophy and
Methods of
EDUCATION Essentialism in
Education
INTRODUCTION TO
ESSENTIALISM
Essentialism is a philosophy that
advocates for a core curriculum
and academic fundamentals. The
approach emphasizes discipline,
rigor, and a structured learning
environment. Students are taught
essential knowledge and skills
needed for productive societal
roles.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND AND KEY
PHILOSOPHERS
Essentialism gained popularity in
the early 20th century, with
William C. Bagley as a prominent
advocate. Bagley believed in a
standardized, focused curriculum
and high educational standards.
Other influential thinkers include
E.D. Hirsch, who argued for
cultural literacy and a shared
body of knowledge.
CORE BELIEFS OF
ESSENTIALISM
1. A strong focus on academic
fundamentals like math, reading,
and science.
2. The idea that the teacher is the
primary source of knowledge and
authority in the classroom.
3. High standards and discipline as
essential to student development
and readiness for the workforce.
Methods of Essentialism in
Education
TEACHER-CENTERED
INSTRUCTION
In Essentialist classrooms,
teachers guide students through a
structured curriculum and impart
core knowledge. This method
emphasizes a teacher-led
environment, where instruction is
direct, and teachers are viewed as
knowledge authorities.
Methods of Essentialism in
Education
EMPHASIS ON CORE
SUBJECTS
Essentialist education focuses on
core subjects like reading, writing,
mathematics, science, and history.
These subjects are seen as
foundational for personal and
societal development, providing
necessary skills for all students.
Methods of Essentialism in
Education
STRUCTURED
CURRICULUM
Essentialist classrooms follow a
standardized, often government-
mandated curriculum. The
curriculum is designed to ensure a
common knowledge base and
uniform standards across schools,
focusing on factual knowledge.
Methods of Essentialism in
Education
DISCIPLINE AND ORDER
Essentialism places importance
on discipline, respect for
authority, and an orderly
environment. These values are
thought to be necessary for
effective learning and preparing
students for societal roles.
Methods of Essentialism in
FREQUENT
Education
ASSESSMENTS AND
HIGH STANDARDS
Frequent testing is used to
evaluate students' mastery of
core knowledge and skills.
Essentialist education promotes
high academic standards,
encouraging students to achieve
excellence and discipline in their
studies.
Methods of Essentialism in
Education
EMPHASIS ON
CHARACTER EDUCATION
Character development is often
incorporated, with values like
respect, diligence, and
responsibility. These values are
foundational for personal success
and social harmony.
Methods of Essentialism in
Education
BACK-TO-BASICS
MOVEMENT
In recent years, Essentialism has
influenced the "back-to-basics"
approach, emphasizing a return to
fundamental skills and knowledge.
This method emerged as a reaction
to more progressive educational
approaches that Essentialists felt
diluted academic rigor.
Methods of Essentialism in
Education
TEXTBOOK AND LECTURE-
BASED LEARNING
Essentialist teaching often relies
on textbooks and lectures as
primary resources.
Textbooks are seen as sources of
established knowledge, and
lectures are used to convey
essential concepts clearly and
efficiently.
Methods of Essentialism in
Education
MEMORIZATION AND
PRACTICE
Memorization is a key aspect of
Essentialism, where students are
encouraged to internalize facts
and basic concepts.
Practice, repetition, and drills are
also used to reinforce foundational
skills, particularly in subjects like
math and language arts.
Methods of Essentialism in
TRADITIONAL
Education
ASSESSMENT
TECHNIQUES
Essentialist education values traditional forms
of assessment like quizzes, tests, and written
exams to gauge students’ mastery.
These assessments are used not only to
measure learning but also to reinforce the
structured and disciplined approach to
acquiring knowledge.
These methods in Essentialist education aim
to create disciplined, knowledgeable, and
socially responsible individuals who are well-
prepared to meet the demands of society.
PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS IN THE
CLASSROOM
1. Structured lessons with a clear
focus on core topics.
2. Teacher-led discussions and direct
instruction.
3. Emphasis on memorization and
practice of foundational concepts.
4. Character education alongside
academics to foster responsibility and
respect.
ADVANTAGES AND
CRITICISMS OF
ESSENTIALISM
Advantages:
- Provides students with a solid
knowledge base.
- Prepares students for societal
expectations and job markets.
Criticisms:
- Can stifle creativity and self-
expression.
- May not account for diverse learning
