Chapter 7: Energy of a System

• 7.1 Systems and Environments

• 7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
• 7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
• 7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force
• 7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy
Theorem
• 7.6 Potential Energy of a System
• 7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
• 7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces
and Potential Energy
Chương 7: Năng lượng của hệ
7.1 Hệ và môi trường
7.2 Công thực hiện bởi một lực không đổi
7.3 Tích vô hướng của hai vectơ
7.4 Công thực hiện bởi một lực biến thiên
7.5 Động năng và định lý Công - Động năng
7.6 Thế năng của một hệ
7.7 Các lực bảo toàn và không bảo toàn
7.8 Liên hệ giữa các lực bảo toàn và thế năng
 Introduction to Energy
• The concept of energy is one of the most important
topics in science and engineering.
• Every physical process that occurs in the Universe
involves energy and energy transfers or transformations.
7.1 Systems and Environments
 Systems

• A system is a small portion of the Universe.

• A system can be as:
– a single object or particle
– a collection of objects or particles
– a region of space
• A system can vary with time in size and
shape
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
 Work
• The work, W, done by a
constant force on the system is
defined as:

W=F . r
• The unit of work is a joule (J)
 The normal force and the
gravitational force do no
work on the object.
 The force Fis the only force
that does work on the object.
7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force
Work Done by a Varying Force
• To use W = F Δ r cos θ,
the force must be constant,
so the equation cannot be
used to calculate the work
done by a varying force.
• Assume that during a very
small displacement, Dx, F
is constant.
• For that displacement, W
~ F Dx
• For all of the
f x
intervals,

W  F x
xi
x
 Work Done by a Varying Force

• Since
xf
xf
lim
x  0  F x  F dx
xi
x xi x

• Therefore,
xf
W   Fx dx
xi

• The work done is equal

to the area under the
curve between xi and xf.
 7.5 Kinetic Energy and the
Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
Kinetic Energy and Work-Kinetic Energy
Theorem
• Kinetic Energy is the
energy of a particle due
to its motion, K = ½ mv2
• Calculating the work:
xf xf
Wext  
xi
 F dx  ma dx
xi
vf
Wext   mv dv
vi

1 1
Wext  mv f2  mv i2
2 2
Wext K f  K i K

• The Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem states:

Wext = Kf – Ki = ΔK
7.6 Potential Energy of a System
 Potential Energy

• Potential energy of a system is a type of

energy characterized for the configuration of a
system in which the components of the system
have interactions by conservative forces.
– The forces are internal to the system.
Gravitational Potential Energy
• The system is the
Earth and the book.
• Do work on the book
by lifting it slowly
through a vertical
displacement.

 r y f  y i  j
ˆ

• The work done on the

system must appear as
an increase in the
energy of the system.
 Gravitational Potential Energy

• Gravitational potential energy is the

energy associated with an object at a given
location above the surface of the Earth.
 
Wext  
 Fapp  r

Wext (mgˆj)  y f  y i  ˆj

Wext mgy f  mgy i
Gravitational Potential Energy
•The quantity mgy is identified as the
gravitational potential energy, Ug.
Ug = mgy
• Work may change the gravitational
potential energy of the system.
Wext = Dug
• Potential energy is always associated with
a system of two or more interacting objects.
 Elastic Potential Energy
• Elastic Potential Energy is associated with a
spring.
• The force the spring exerts (on a block, for
example) is Fs = - kx
• The work done by an external applied force
on a spring-block system is
W = ½ kxf2 – ½ kxi2
 Elastic Potential Energy

• This expression is the elastic potential energy:

Us = ½ kx2
• The elastic potential energy can be thought of
as the energy stored in the deformed spring.
• The stored potential energy can be converted
into kinetic energy.
 Elastic Potential Energy
• The elastic potential energy stored in a
spring is zero whenever the spring is not
deformed (U = 0 when x = 0).
• The elastic potential energy is a maximum
when the spring has reached its maximum
extension or compression.
7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative
Forces
 Conservative Forces
• The work done by a conservative force on a
particle moving between any two points is
independent of the path taken by the particle.
• The work done by a conservative force on a
particle moving through any closed path is
zero.
• Examples of conservative forces:
– Gravity
– Spring force
 Conservative Forces
• We can associate a potential energy for a
system with any conservative force acting
between members of the system.
– This can be done only for conservative forces.
– In general: Wint = - DU
 Non-conservative Forces
• A non-conservative force does not satisfy the
conditions of conservative forces.
• Non-conservative forces acting in a system
cause a change in the mechanical energy of the
system.
• Emech = K + U
– K includes the kinetic energy of all moving
members of the system.
– U includes all types of potential energy in the
system.
 Non-conservative Forces
• The work done against
friction is greater along
the brown path than
along the blue path.
• Because the work
done depends on the
path, friction is a non-
conservative force.
7.8 Relationship Between Conservative
Forces and Potential Energy
 Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy
• Define a potential energy function, U, such
that the work done by a conservative force
equals the decrease in the potential energy
of the system.
• The work done by such a force, F, is
xf
Wint   Fx dx  U
xi

– DU is negative when F and x are in the same

direction.
 Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy
• The conservative force is related to the
potential energy function through.
dU
Fx 
dx

• The x component of a conservative force

acting on an object within a system equals
the negative of the potential energy of the
system with respect to x.
– Can be extended to three dimensions
 Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy

• Look at the case of a deformed spring:

dUs d  1 2
Fs    kx   kx
dx dx  2 

– This is Hooke’s Law and confirms the

equation for U
• U is an important function because a
conservative force can be derived from it.
 PROBLEM
• Problem 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9