Gokhale Education Society’s

R. H. Sapat College of Engineering, Management

Studies & Research

Project
Realization of PIDTitle
Controller Using OP-AMP
Group Members
1. Krushnakant Raut
2. Dhiraj Shelke
3. Shruti Sonawane
4. Harsha Warke
5. Atharv Zadge
(Group No. 13)

Project Guide:

Ms. G. R. Kawale

AY: 2024-25
 Timeline

1960s 1980s
Early PID controllers Introduction of digital
used in industrial PID controllers
processes

1970s 1990s
Widespread adoption of PID tuning methods
PID control developed
 Introduction

Study of OPAMP and analog PID controller design and Hardware testing Observing output response
PID Controller simulation The controller is tested on
The project focuses on studying Controller design is demonstrated hardware after testing individual The output response from the
operational amplifiers (OPAMP) through simulation to achieve proportional, integral and controller is observed using an
and fabricating an analog better dynamic and static derivative terms separately. oscilloscope.
proportional-integral-derivative performance.
(PID) controller.

The slide provides an introduction to the project on realizing a PID controller

using OPAMP, covering the key aspects like OPAMP study, controller design,
hardware testing and observing the output response.
 Background

PID controllers widely used Control variables like Consist of P, I and D Realized using OPAMP
in industry temperature, pressure, components circuits
Due to simplicity, versatility and flow Determine output based on Realize transfer functions of PID
robustness Can control countless process error signal controller
variables

PID controllers are simple yet powerful for controlling industrial processes. Their
working and implementation using OPAMPs is key to understand.
Block Diagram of PID Controller
Reference Input
 Circuit Design and Parameters

Use of buffer, inverter and Testing PID components Choosing resistor and Multisim model and PCB
summer circuits separately capacitor values fabrication
Various sub-circuits like buffer, Initially, the proportional, integral Resistor and capacitor values A Multisim model is developed and
inverter and summer are used to and derivative controllers are are chosen based on the the circuit is fabricated on a PCB
realize the components of the PID tested separately by supplying required range of gain board.
controller using OPAMP LM741IC. different input waveforms. parameters kp, ki and kd.

The slide summarizes the circuit design, simulation, and testing

of the PID controller using operational amplifiers.
 Results and Performance

Responsiveness Overshoot Oscillation

Higher gain values led to faster response but Higher gain values led to more overshoot, up to High gain values caused oscillations,
larger overshoot 18% observed for high kp increasing settling time. Lower gains
reduced this

Gain values affect responsiveness, overshoot and oscillations.

Optimizing these improves the controller performance.
 Conclusion

- An analog PID controller was - Scope for comparative analysis of - Recent trends can be explored
successfully realized tuning techniques Techniques like graphical optimal design and
The project demonstrated successful design and Different tuning methods like Ziegler-Nichols minimizing numerical error should be studied
implementation of a PID controller circuit using can be tested to optimize controller
OPAMPs performance

The project achieved its objective of designing an analog PID controller using OPAMPs. Further
work can focus on optimizing the design and incorporating latest techniques.
 Process Flow

Selected components like

Designed an operational Simulated the complete PID LM741 OPAMPs, potentiometers,
Studied proportional-integral- amplifier (OPAMP) based PID controller circuit using Multisim resistors, capacitors for
derative (PID) controller theory controller circuit to realize the software to verify the design hardware fabrication
PID transfer function

Study PID controller theory Design OPAMP based Simulate circuit model Select components
circuit

Integrate and tune PID

Fabricate PCB Test individual blocks Analyze results
controller

Fabricated a printed circuit Tested individual controller Integrated controller blocks on a Analyzed results to study effect
board (PCB) blocks by applying input signals breadboard and PCB, applied of varying proportional, integral
and observing output input signals and observed and derivative gains
waveforms output waveforms
Simulation Diagram

Fig.a :Testing of Error Amplifier