EEE 2303

CIRCUIT AND NETWORK THEORY III

Second order networks II

By

Prof. Hinga

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 The 4 op-amp biquad circuit
Case 1 R2

R1

R3 C2 R5
v1 - C1 R4
- R5
+
v 2` + - v2
v3 +

R6
R6
-
R6 v’’2
+
Fig. 1 2
 v2  v2  ………… (1)
v2  v1  v2     1  
v1  v1 
v2 v2 v3 v2
  
v1 v3 v2 v1
v2 v3 1
but  1 and 
v3 v2 sR4C2
v2 v2 v2 1 v2 …….……… (2)
sR4C2   .
v1 v1 v1 sR4C2 v1
v1 v2  v2  v2
But  
R3 R2 Z1
=
R1
1  sR1C1 
3
1 v2 1  v2  1  ………...…...… (3)
    sC1 
R3 v1 R2 v1  R1 
Substituting (2) for v2/v1 in (3) gives
1 v2 1  v2  1 
    sC1 
R3 v1 sR2 R4C2 v1  R1 
v2  1 1  1
  sC 
v1  sR2 R4C2 R1 1  R3
s
v2 R3C1
 2 ………...…...… (4)
v1 s  s  1
R1C1 R2 R4C1C2 4
 Substituting (4) for v’2/v1 in (1) gives

v2

 2
 s s
 
1
R1C1
 1
R3C1
 1 
R2 R4C1C2  …. (5)
v1 s2  s  1
R1C1 R2 R4C1C2

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a) If R1= R3, (5) becomes

  s 2
 1 
v2  R2 R4C1C2    s  0 
2 2

 2 
v1 s  s  1 s0
R1C1 R2 R4C1C2
2
s   0 2
Q
  0   
2 2

T ( j ) 
j0
0 
2
Q
 2

 
2
0
2

T ( j ) 
2
 0 
 2
0  
2 2

 Q 

6
 1 1
 
2
 0   
 Q   02 Q 2 
1  1  4

 2
0   
2 
 

 02  202   2 
   

For ω = 0, |T(j0)| = 1;
ω = ω0, |T(jω0)| = 0;
ω → ∞, |T(j∞)| → 1

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 |T|
1

0.707
|T(jω1)| = |T(jω2)|
BW = ω0 /Q

0 ω1 ω0 ω2 ω
Fig. 2: Band-stop / notch filter

8
 Phase response
 s   
2 2
0
TBS ( s )  -ve sign means the
s0 circuit is inverting
2
s   0 2
Q

TBS ( j ) 
0   
2 2

j0
0   
2 2
Q
 BS ( )  K   Z     P  
0  0 180    P  
0 0

ω ≤ ω0 (ω > ω0)
 BS ( ) 0 180   tan
0 0 

1
0
Q   0
 2
  2 
 9
 0 For ω = 0, θ(0) = 0º;
Q
0 180   tan
0 0 1 ω = ω 0, θ(ω0) = -90º;
02  ω = ω -0, θ(ω-0)  -
 90º;
90º ω = ω+0, θ(ω+0)  90º;
ω → ∞, θ(∞) → 0º
θ(ω)

0 ω0 ω

-90º 10

Fig. 3: Bandstop filter

b) If R3= R1/2, (5) becomes

 2
 s  s  1 


v2  R1C1 R2 R4C1C2 
 2
v1 s  s  1
R1C1 R2 R4C1C2
jω
 s0 2 x
 s  2
 0
 Q 
 σ
s0
2
s   02
Q x

Quad pole-zero configuration

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  j0 
 0    
2 2
 Q 
T ( j ) 
j0
0    
2 2
Q

  1
2

     0 Q
2
0
2 2

T ( j ) 
  |T|
2
0
 0 
 2
  2 2

Q
1

ω
0
Fig. 3: All-pass filter
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 Phase response
j0
  
2 2
0 Q
TAP ( j ) 
j0
  
2 2
0 Q

 AP ( ) tan  

1
0
Q 
 2
0
2 
 

 tan  1  0
 Q  2
0
2 
  


 0
0 For
1 Q 1 Q ω = 0, θ(0) = 0º;
tan  tan ω = ω0, θ(ω0) = -180º;
 2
0 
02  ω → ∞, θ(∞) → -36013º
 
 Case 2
R2
R1
R3 C1 C2 R5
v1 - R4
R5
+ -
v2 `
- v2
+ v3 +
R6
R6
R6
-
R6 v’’2
+
Fig. 4 14
 v2  v2 v2 
v2  v1  v2  v2     1   
v1  v1 v1 

v2

2

s s 1
R1C1
 1
R3C1  1
R2 R4C1C2
 1
R3 R4C1C2 
v1 s  s
2
 1
R1C1 R2 R4 C1C2
If R1= R2= R3 then

v2 s
2

 2
v1 s  s  1
R1C1 R2 R4 C1C2
15
  2
T ( j ) 
j0
 2
0  2
 Q
2
T ( j ) 
 
2

 2
0  2 2
  0
Q
Let ω0 = 1 so that
 2
1
T ( j )  
 Q    
2 2 2
1   
2 2
  1
 2  1  1
Q
16
For ω = 0, |T(j0)| = 0;
ω = ω0= 1, |T(jω0)| = Q;
ω → ∞, |T(j∞)| → 1
|T|
Q
1

0 ω0 ωpeak ω
17

Fig. 5: High-pass filter characteristic

 Phase response

 2
THP ( j ) 
j0
 2
0  2
 Q

 HP ( ) 180  tan 

 0
Q
1
   0
 2
  2 

0
 1 Q
180  tan
02 

For ω = 0, θ(0) = 180º;
ω = ω 0, θ(ω0) = 90º;
ω → ∞, θ(∞) → 0º 18
 Pole-zero configuration for second order networks
jω jω jω
x x x

σ σ σ
x x x

Low-pass jω High-pass Band-pass

jω
x x
σ σ
x x
Band-stop All-pass 19
θLP(ω) θHP(ω) θBP(ω) θAP(ω)
ω0 ω
0º 180º 90º 0º

-90º 90º 0º -180 º

-180º 0º -90º -360 º

NB: The four op-amp biquad circuit is a universal filter.

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