VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTER (MJY)
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines
Prepared by;
LEVEL II
Mr. Tin Mawng Lwin
T&D
Lead Trainer
GENERATION,TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Content !
10. Corona
10. Corona Effect
Conductors တစ်ဝိုက်ရှိ လေထု၏ ionisation ဖြစ်စဉ်ကို Corona Effect ဟုခေါ်သည်။ လေသည် Transmission
လိုင်းများကြားတွင် dielectric ကြားခံအဖြစ် လုပ်ဆောင်သည်။ တစ်နည်းဆိုရသော်၎င်းသည် လက်ရှိ
သယ်ဆောင်နေသော conductors များကြားရှိ insulator ဖြစ်သည်။
The phenomenon of ionization of
surrounding air around the
conductor due to which luminous
glow with hissing noise is rise is
known as the corona effect. Air acts
as a dielectric medium between the
transmission lines. In other words,
it is an insulator between the
current carrying conductors.
11. Factors Affecting Corona
13. Adv & Dis of Corona
Corona Effect Q
The Corona effect is considerably affected by which of the following?
(A) Size of the conductor
(B) Shape of the conductor
(C) Surface condition of the conductor
(D) All of the above
Corona Effect A
The Corona effect is considerably affected by which of the following?
(A) Size of the conductor
(B) Shape of the conductor
(C) Surface condition of the conductor
(D) All of the above
14. Reducing Corona Effect Methods
Sag in Overhead Lines
The difference in level between the points of support and the lowest point on the conductor is called as sag.
Conductor ပေါ်ရှိ Support တိုင်များနှင့် အနိမ့်ဆုံးအမှတ်အကြားအဆင့်ကွာခြားချက်ကို
Sag ဟုခေါ်သည်။
Factors Affecting Sag
Conductor weight – Sag of the conductor is directly proportional to its weight. The
weight of the conductors is increased due to ice loading.
Span – Sag is directly proportional to the square of the span length. Longer span
gives more sag.
Tension -The sag is inversely proportional to the tension in the conductor. Higher
tension increases the stress in the insulators and supporting structures.
Wind – It increases sag in the inclined direction.
Temperature – The sag is reduced at low temperatures and is increases at higher
temperatures
Span
The horizontal distance between two electrical supports is called the span.
4. Calculation of Sag
Suspended Conductors များပေါ်ရှိ တင်းအား (Tension) အား Conductor အလေးချိန်၊ လေတိုက်ခြင်း၊
ရေခဲတင်ခြင်း နှင့် အပူချိန် ပြောင်းလဲမှုများကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပေါ်စေသည်။ ယေဘူယျ
အားဖြင့် conductor tension သည် ၎င်း၏ နောက်ဆုံး tensile strength ၏ 50% ထက်နည်းသည်။ sag
၏တန်ဖိုးကို မတူညီသောအခြေအနေနှစ်ခုအတွက် တွက်ချက်သည် - (i) Supports are at equal levels and (ii)
Supports are at unequal levels.
(i) Supports are at equal levels
1.Consider a point P on the conductor. Considering the lowest point
O as the origin, let the coordinates of point P be x and y. Assume the
curvature is so small that the curved length is equal to its horizontal
projection (i.e. OP = x). The forces acting on the conductor portion
OP are -
the weight w.x acting at a distance x/2 from the point O
2.the tension T acting at the point O
Equating the moments of the two forces about point O, we get,
T.y = w.x * x/2
or, y = w.x2 / 2T
The maximum sag (dip) is represented by the value of y at either of
the support points. At support point A,
x = l/2 and y = S (sag)
therefore, sag S = w(l/2)2 / 2T
(i) Supports are at equal levels
(i) Supports are at equal levels
sag S = w.l2/8
T
(ii) Supports are at unequal levels
(ii) Supports are at unequal levels
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Safety Factor
Safety Factor
While calculating sag and tension in a conductor, a factor of safety is always considered.
Every conductor has certain ultimate strength which it can sustain. If tension increases
beyond this value, mechanical failure of conductor occurs. This ultimate strength is called
breaking stress.
While the normal tension T is called the working stress. The ratio of breaking stress to the
working stress is defined as the factor of safety.
Both breaking stress and working stress must be expressed in same units. The factor of safety
is denoted as Sf and mathematically expressed as,
NOTE! The stress is generally expressed in kg/m2 or kg/cm2 hence it must be multiplied by the conductor area to express it in
kg.
Example 8.17
Example 8.18
Example 8.19
Example An overhead line has a span of 250 m. The tension in the line is 1500 kg while the
conductor weighs 750 kg per 1000 metres. Calculate the maximum sag in the conductor by
using these formula sag S = w.l2/8 T
Example 8.19
Example An overhead line has a span of 250 m. The tension in the line is 1500 kg while the conductor weighs
750 kg per 1000 metres. Calculate the maximum sag in the conductor by using these formula sag S = w.l2/8
T
Solution: The span L = 250 m and T = 1500 kg
Example 8.20 (a)
Example An overhead line has a span of 260 m. The tension in the line is 1600 kg while the conductor weighs
800 kg per 1000 metres. Calculate the maximum sag in the conductor by using these formula sag S =
w.l2/8 T
Solution: The span L = 260 m and T = 1600 kg
Answer: The maximum sag in the conductor is -------- m
Example 8.20 (b)
Example Calculate the maximum sag for a span of 300 m if the maximum tension in the conductor be 3500 kg and weight of
conductor is 700 kg/km by using these formula sag S = w.l2/8 T
Example 8.20 (b)
Example Calculate the maximum sag for a span of 300 m if the maximum tension in the conductor be 3500 kg and weight of
conductor is 700 kg/km by using these formula sag S = w.l2/8 T
Solution : w = 700 kg/km = 0.7 kg/m, T = 3500 kg, L = 300 m
Answer: The maximum sag is 2.25 m.
Example 8.21 (a)
Example 8.21 The two towers of height 95 m and 70 m respectively support the line conductor, at a river
crossing. The horizontal distance between the towers is 400 m. If the tension in the conductor is 1100 kg and its
weight is 0.8 kg/m, calculate
a) Sag at lower support by using =
b) Sag at upper support by using =
c) Clearance of lowest point on trajectory from water level.
Assume bases of towers to be at the water level, and then
the towers and the sags are shown in the Figure. 4.3.3.
Example 8.21
Solution: The height of tower A is 70 m while that of B is 95 m
hence
h = 95 - 70 = 25 m
L = 400 m, T = 1100 kg and w = 0.8 kg/m
c) The point B is at 95 m from the water
level while point O which is lowest point
on trajectory is 29.731 m down from
point B. Hence clearance of point O
from the water level is
= 95 - 29.731 = 65.2689 m
Example 8.21 (b)
Example 8.21 The two towers of height 100 m and 80 m respectively support the line conductor, at a river
crossing. The horizontal distance between the towers is 500 m. If the tension in the conductor is 1200 kg and
its weight is 0.9 kg/m, calculate
a) Sag at lower support by using =
b) Sag at upper support by using =
c) Clearance of lowest point on trajectory from water level.
Assume bases of towers to be at the water level, and then
the towers and the sags are shown in the Figure. 4.3.3.
= 14.5 m
= 34.5 m
c) The point B is at 100 m from the water level while
point O which is lowest point on trajectory is 34.5 m
down from point B. Hence clearance of point O from
the water level is
= 100 – 34.5 = 65.5 m
Example 8.22 Question
Example 8.22. An overhead line has a span of 336 m. The line is supported at a water crossing from two
towers whose heights are 33.6 m and 29 m above water level. The weight of conductor is 8.33 N/m and
tension in the conductor is not to exceed 3.34 × 104N. Find i) Horizontal distances of this point from the lower
supports or towers A and B.
ii) Clearance between the lowest point on the conductor and water
Assume bases of towers to be at the water level and the towers and the sags are shown in the Figure. 4.3.5.
Example 8.22 Answer
Solution : L = 336 m, T = 3.34 × 104N, w = 8.33 N/m
The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4.3.5.
h = Difference in level = 33.6 - 29 = 4.6 m
i) Horizontal distance of the point O from tower A = x1 = 113.1066 m
And then Horizontal distance of the point O from tower B = x2 = 222.8933 m
ii) Clearance between the lowest point on the conductor and water is
= Height of A – S1 = 29 – 1.5953 = 27.4047m
Sub - Station 35
Sub - Station 36
37
CHECK UNDERSTANDING
About Mechanical Design of
OHL Lecture !
38
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 1)
Check Your Understanding
Cross-arms are used on ___________to provide support to the
insulators.
a) poles
b) towers
c) RCC poles
d) above all of these
39
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 1)
Check Your Understanding
Cross-arms are used on ___________to provide support to the
insulators.
a) poles
b) towers
c) RCC poles
d) above all of these
40
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 2)
Check Your Understanding
The most commonly used material for insulators of overhead
lines is __________ .
a) glass
b) porcelain
c) plastic
d) rubber
41
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 2)
Check Your Understanding
The most commonly used material for insulators of overhead
lines is __________ .
a) glass
b) porcelain
c) plastic
d) rubber
42
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 3)
Check Your Understanding
The potential across the various discs of suspension string is
different because of ______ capacitance.
a) charge
b) series
c) shunt
d) compound
43
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 3)
Check Your Understanding
The potential across the various discs of suspension string is
different because of ______ capacitance.
a) charge
b) series
c) shunt
d) compound
44
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 4)
Check Your Understanding
In a string of suspension insulators, the ___________ voltage appears
across the unit nearest to the conductor.
a) large
b) enough
c) minimum
d) maximum
45
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 4)
Check Your Understanding
In a string of suspension insulators, the ___________ voltage appears
across the unit nearest to the conductor.
a) large
b) enough
c) minimum
d) maximum
46
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 5)
Check Your Understanding
If the string efficiency is _______ %, it means that potential across
each disc is the same.
a) 95
b) 98
c) 99
d) 100
47
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 5)
Check Your Understanding
If the string efficiency is _______ %, it means that potential across
each disc is the same.
a) 95
b) 98
c) 99
d) 100
48
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 6)
Check Your Understanding
If the shunt capacitance is reduced, then string efficiency is
___________ .
a) decreased
b) increased
c) balanced
d) changed
49
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 6)
Check Your Understanding
If the shunt capacitance is reduced, then string efficiency is
___________ .
a) decreased
b) increased
c) balanced
d) changed
50
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 7)
Check Your Understanding
If the spacing between the conductors is increased, then corona
effect is ________ .
a) reduced
b) exceeded
c) balanced
d) non of these
51
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 7)
Check Your Understanding
If the spacing between the conductors is increased, then corona
effect is ________ .
a) reduced
b) exceeded
c) balanced
d) non of these
52
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 8)
Check Your Understanding
If the sag in an overhead line increased, tension in the line
__________ .
a) balances
b) decreases
c) increases
d) non of these
53
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 8)
Check Your Understanding
If the sag in an overhead line increased, tension in the line
__________ .
a) balances
b) decreases
c) increases
d) non of these
54
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 9)
Check Your Understanding
By using a guard ring, the string efficiency is _______________ .
a) balanced
b) decreased
c) increased
d) non of these
55
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 9)
Check Your Understanding
By using a guard ring, the string efficiency is _______________ .
a) balanced
b) decreased
c) increased
d) non of these
56
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 10)
Check Your Understanding
Shunt capacitance in suspension insulators can be decreased by
increasing the distance of conductor from ___________ .
a) cross - arm
b) pole
c) tower
d) above of these
57
Mechanical Design of OHL (Test 10)
Check Your Understanding
Shunt capacitance in suspension insulators can be decreased by
increasing the distance of conductor from ___________ .
a) cross - arm
b) pole
c) tower
d) above of these
58
Sub - Station 59
TRUE OR FALSE Test (Part I)
1) The insulator is so designed that it should fail only by flash -
over. (True or False)
2) Suspension type insulators are used for voltages beyond 11 kV.
(True or False)
3) In a string of suspension insulators, if the unit nearest to the
conductor breaks down, then other units will also breakdown.
(True or False)
4) A shorter string has less string efficiency than a larger string.
(True or False)
5) Corona effect is more pronounced in stormy weather as
compared to fair weather.(True or False)
60
TRUE OR FALSE Test (Part I)
1) The insulator is so designed that it should fail only by flash -
over. (ϟ) True
2) Suspension type insulators are used for voltages beyond 33 kV.
(×) False
3) In a string of suspension insulators, if the unit nearest to the
conductor breaks down, then other units will also breakdown.
(ϟ) True
4) A shorter string has more string efficiency than a larger string.
(×) False
5) Corona effect is more pronounced in stormy weather as
compared to fair weather. (ϟ) True
61
Sub - Station 62
TRUE OR FALSE Test (Part II)
1) If the conductor size is increased, the corona effect is
decreased. (True or False)
2) The longer the cross arm, the lesser string efficiency.(True or
False)
3) The discs of the strain insulators are use in vertical plane. (True
or False)
4) Sag is provided in overhead lines so that safe tension is not
exceeded. (True or False)
5) When a conductor in overhead lines breaks down by puncture,
it is permanently damaged. (True or False)
63
TRUE OR FALSE Test (Part II)
1) If the conductor size is increased, the corona effect is
decreased. (ϟ) True
2) The longer the cross arm, the greater string efficiency. (×)
False
3) The discs of the strain insulators are use in vertical plane. (ϟ)
True
4) Sag is provided in overhead lines so that safe tension is not
exceeded. (ϟ) True
5) When an insulator breaks down by puncture, it is permanently
damaged. (×) False
64
Sub - Station 65
