Recap
• General Purpose Register • Index Registers
• AX (Accumulator) • Source Index (SI)
• BX (Base) • Destination Index (DI)
• CX (Counter) • Pointer Registers
• DX (Data) • Instruction Pointer (IP)
• Segment Registers • Stack Pointer (SP)
• CS (Code Segment) • Base Pointer (BP)
• DS (Data Segment) • Flag Registers
• SS (Stack Segment) • Status flag
• ES (Extra Segment) • Control flag
Recap
• Flag Registers
• Status flag
• Carry Flag (CF)
• Zero Flag (ZF)
• Sign Flag (SF)
• Overflow Flag (OF)
• Parity Flag (PF)
• Auxiliary Flag (AF) Recommended Assembler:
Emu8086 – assembler and
• Control flag microprocessor emulator 4.08
• Interrupt Flag (IF)
• Direction Flag (DF)
• Trap Flag (TF)
Introduction to 8086
Microprocessor
Presented By Prof. Hamza Afzal
8086 Microprocessor
• Intel 8086 is an 16 bit microprocessor
• It is modified version of 8085.
• It is 40 Pin integrated circuit.
• Its operating frequencies are 5, 8 and 10 MHz
• It has 20 bit Address Bus.
• It supports pipe-lining.
• It has almost 29000 transistors
Comparison B/W 8085 and 8086
It does not It supports
support Pipe-line
Pipe-line Architecture
Architecture
How to calculate the physical address
(Absolute Address)?
Memory Segmentation
Short Questions
Segment Address:
• The base or starting address of the segment.
Offset Address:
• The displacement or distance from the base location.
Logical Address:
• Virtual Address
• It is a reference to access the physical address.
• The set of all logical addresses is generated by CPU.
• Physical Address:
• The actual location of the process in the main memory is also called absolute address.
• It is generated by hardware Memory Management Unit (MMU).
• Physical Address = Base Address of Segment X 10H + Offset Address
Comparison
Formula to calculate P.A
Calculate the P.A of CS, DS & SS.
• The contents of the following registers are:
• CS = 1111 H
• DS = 3333 H Base Address CS : IP
• SS = 2562 H DS : SI
• IP = 1232 H
SS : SP
• SP = 1100 H Offset Address
• SI = 0020 H
Solution
• 1. CS = 1111 H IP = 1232 H
The base address of the code segment is 1111 H.
Physical address of memory is given by 11110H + 1232H = 12342H.
• 2. DS = 3333 H SI = 0020 H
The base address of the data segment is 3333 H.
Physical address of memory is given by 33330H + 0200H = 33350H.
• 3. SS = 2526 H SP = 1100 H
The base address of the stack segment is 2526 H.
Physical address of memory is given by 25260H + 1100H = 26360H.
Microprocessor - 8086 Functional
Units
• 8086 Microprocessor is divided into two functional units,
i.e., EU (Execution Unit) and BIU (Bus Interface Unit).
• EU (Execution Unit)
• Execution unit gives instructions to BIU starting from where to fetch
the data and then decode and execute those instructions. Its function
is to control operations on data using the instruction decoder & ALU.
EU has no direct connection with system buses as shown in the above
figure, it performs operations over data through BIU.
EU (Execution Unit)
• Let us now discuss the functional parts of 8086 microprocessors.
• ALU
• It handles all arithmetic and logical operations, like +, −, ×, /, OR, AND,
NOT operations.
• Flag Register
• It is a 16-bit register that behaves like a flip-flop, i.e. it changes its
status according to the result stored in the accumulator. It has 9 flags
and they are divided into 2 groups − Conditional Flags and Control
Flags.
BIU (Bus Interface Unit)
• BIU takes care of all data and addresses transfers on the buses for the EU like
sending addresses, fetching instructions from the memory, reading data from the
ports and the memory as well as writing data to the ports and the memory. EU
has no direction connection with System Buses so this is possible with the BIU.
EU and BIU are connected with the Internal Bus.
• It has the following functional parts −
• Instruction queue − BIU contains the instruction queue. BIU gets up-to 6 bytes of
next instructions and stores them in the instruction queue. When EU executes
instructions and is ready for its next instruction, then it simply reads the
instruction from this instruction queue resulting in increased execution speed.
• Fetching the next instruction while the current instruction executes is
called pipelining.
How to
calculate
the
Physical 16
address? 16
16
16 Why 8086
16 microprocesso
r is divided
into two parts?
Pipe-lining Method
Top of the stack Location
Random location SP:BP offset
Location at DS
Location at ES
