Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

Lesson 5.2

The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines

and the Malolos Government
Contents

Introduction Learning Objectives Explore Discover 1

The Spanish Colonization of the Philippines The Spanish
2
Colonial Government Colonial Life in the Philippines under
Spain Philippine Nationalism and the 1896 Philippine 3
Revolution Philippine Independence and the Malolos Republic 4
The 1899 Malolos Constitution and Republic 4
5
Wrap-Up 7
Try This! 9
1
Challenge Yourself Reflect on This Bibliography 1
1
2

1
20
6

0
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

Lesson 5.2

The Spanish Colonial Government in

the Philippines and the Malolos
Government

ini

The Philippines was part of the first wave of colonization by European empires from the 15th to
the 18th century. Following Ferdinand Magellan's arrival i n the Philippine archipelago i n 1521
and the subsequent creation of colonial government institutions starting in 1565, the country
experienced 333 years of colonization by Spain. Ironically, such colonization can be argued to be
responsible for the creation of our nation—"the Philippines"—from what was previously a
random group of islands occupied by a diverse set

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 1
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

of ethnic groups.

It was only a matter of time until the colonized inhabitants—"the Filipinos"—developed national
consciousness and felt the need to i iberate themselves. In 1896, Filipinos started the Philippine
Revolution against Spain that would eventually lead to the creation of the independent First
Philippine Republic (i.e., the "Malolos Republic") i n 1899. However, the independence and the
Republic were short-lived as American and Japanese forces subsequently took over the i and.

In this i esson, we will study politics and governance under the Spanish colonial government in
the Philippines and the First Philippine Republic. We will i ook at their respective government
structures, political problems, and contributions to the evolution of politics and governance in
the Philippines.

P* Learning Objectives DepEd Learning Competencies

At the end of this i esson, you should be able to do
In this lesson, you should be able to do the
the following:
following: • Relate the evolution of Philippine politics and
• Explain politics and governance in the governance (HUMSS_PG12-If-g-19).
Philippines during the Spanish colonization and • Describe the different stages i n the evolution of
the Philippine politics and governance
the First Philippine Republic.
(HUMSS_PG12-If-g-20).
• Analyze the contribution of the Spanish • Analyze the evolution of Philippine politics and
colonization and the First Republic in the governance (HUMSS_PG12-If-g-21).

evolution of Philippine politics and governance.

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 2
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

Explore

Paint Me a Picture! 0 15 minutes

Instructions
1. The class will be divided into groups of five.
2. For each round, the teacher will choose and announce one word or concept from the table
below.
3. After the word or concept is announced, the groups will quickly form their respective
tableaux (motionless scenes where the members are frozen while acting a certain scenario)
depicting their understanding or impression of the word or concept. They will hold their poses
for ten seconds, which will start when the teacher counts.
4. When the time i s up, a representative from each group must step out of the tableau and
explain his or her group's tableau to the class.
5. For each round, the most accurate, insightful, and creative tableau as per the teacher's
judgment will be given a point.
6. After five rounds, the group with the highest number of points wins.

Paint Me a Picture of...

the KKK (Katipunan) the Philippine Revolution the Propaganda Movement

the Malolos Republic pueblos ilustrados

friars indios peninsulares

Guide Questions
1. Which word or concept is the most familiar to you? What do you know about it?

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 3
Philippine Politics and Governance Quipper School
General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

2. Based on the performance of the class, what do you think i s the most memorable and
distinct aspect of the Spanish colonial period?

3. What do the words or concepts say about politics and governance during the Spanish
colonial period?

® Discover
The Spanish Colonization of the Philippines
For the Spanish empire, the Philippines was a crucial asset id Words to Remember
in the competition for “God, gold, and glory" during the • colony -
Age of Exploration (15th-18th century). The small native possession,
Filipino groups were feasible subjects for Christian i dominion
ndoctrination. The archipelago was rich in spices and other • centralized - under a single
valuable products that would give tremendous wealth to authority
the empire. Furthermore, possession of the i slands was a • ecclesiastical -
strategic geopolitical advantage. With 333 years of Spanish religious, relating to the church
subjugation and exploitation, the political, economic, and
sociocultural lives of precolonial Filipino ancestors had I I
I______________________I

drastically changed.

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 4
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

What are the characteristics of politics and governance in

the Philippines during the Spanish colonization and the
Malolos Republic?

The Spanish Colonial Government

Around four decades after the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan and his death during the Battle of
Mactan in 1521, the Spanish empire formally claimed the Philippines. Spanish settlement began
with the founding of Cebu in 1565 and Manila in 1571 and the succeeding placement of
numerous barangays under the central authority of the King of Spain. Formally, the Philippines
was claimed as a colony of Spain and controlled under a centralized colonial government
composed of Spanish envoys and a few elite natives who were given local positions. The Spanish
colonial government, while separate from the Church i n terms of personnel, was highly i
nfluenced by ecclesiastical leaders (i.e., friars) from the Catholic Church especially when it came
to economic regulations I ike taxation. In addition, separation of powers among the government
offices was absent as the king ruled autocratically, and several officials possessed assorted
combinations of powers that are normally split into today's democratic regimes. For example,
gobernadorcillos, as heads of their pueblos, had both economic and j udicial responsibilities.

Prior to the independence of Mexico (another former Spanish colony) i n 1821, Spain's colonies
were ruled by the Viceroyalty of New Spain on behalf of the king. When Mexico gained i
ndependence i n 1821, however, the viceroyalty was abolished and the Philippines became ruled
by the governor-general. The governor-general acted as the king's representative and the
highest-ranking official i n the Philippines. He was appointed by the king and exercised executive,
i egislative, j udicial, and military powers i n the country.

While the governor-general was the highest official in the Philippines, there were auxiliary
officials or bodies that helped the king oversee the governor-general and his administration of
the country. There existed the Council of the Indies (a.k.a. Overseas Council or Ministry of
Colonies) that would regularly send a visitador (i.e., an envoy who would

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 5
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

observe the governor-general and report to the king. In addition, there was the residencia, a
special court tasked to investigate the governor-general's performance.

Aside from the governor-general, a Real Audiencia

composed of j udges, prosecutors, wardens, servants,
and other officials was also established in the country
to act as the supreme court and an advisory body to
the governor-general. As a court, it tried cases of
appeals {revista) from I ower courts in the provinces
and criminal cases in Manila. In some cases, its
decisions could be appealed to the Council of the
Indies.

Local governments were also established.

Provinces {provindas/alcaldfas) were ruled by
alcalde-mayores who managed the day-to-day
operations of the provincial government and Fig. 1, King Philip |lu after whom the
supervised the collection of taxes and, in return, Philippines was named by the Spanish
were allowed to participate in trade. Meanwhile, explorer Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
some provincial districts were classified as
corregimientos and were ruled by corregidores who were both civil and military leaders.
Corregimientos were different from other districts as these were under the direct authority of
the crown and thus were not administered to by natives.

Provinces were subsequently divided into municipalities or pueblos ruled by gobemadorcillos

assisted by several additional officials. Compared to higher positions, members of the I ocal
Filipino elite class (i.e., the principalias) were allowed to hold office as gobemadorcillos. Pueblos
were further divided i nto barangays ruled by cabezas de barangay. Like gobemadorcillos, most
cabezas de barangay were I ocal Filipino principalias and former datus who surrendered and
agreed to conspire with the Spanish government (Caoili 2006, 250).

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 6
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

Several negative features marked the Spanish colonial government. One of them was the
pervasive clientelism or the use of government i nstitutions to reward cronies and groups that
served i n favor of the colonial government (Rebullida and Serrano 2006, 228). Public offices, for
example, were granted as a reward from the king to i ocal principalias who conspired with the
government. These i ocal principalias would soon be the progenitors of infamous caciques or
political bosses and political dynasties i n the country. In addition, friars and church officials
exercised sweeping political i nfluences on the appointment of officials, tax collection, i ocal i aw
implementation, j ustice system, and education policies.

Colonial Life in the Philippines under Spain

g. 2 A painting of 1972 Manila. Elite status was marked by resident's proximity

Fi

to the pueblo's parish (bajo de la campana system).

The Spanish colonial forces implemented a system of dividing-and-

conquering the preexisting groups in the Philippines (i.e., splitting them
and taking over their territories). Many barangays and communities were
broken apart and resettled through the reduccion system. This system
enabled the Spaniards to consolidate their power over the natives by
placing them in a settlement where the former could easily i mpose their
authority. The reduccion system can be seen in how the old towns and
cities i n the Philippines were geographically organized. The church,
government offices, and houses of the elite were all within the vicinity of
the public plaza where i ife can be said to move according to the sound7
5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government
Philippine Politics and Governance Quipper School
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

of the church bells. The system enabled the colonial government to split abandoned I ands into
encomiendas and award them to encomenderos (usually government officials and church
officials) who charged taxes and abused their encomiendas' i nhabitants for forced labor. Many
of these encomiendas would I ater develop i nto agricultural estates or haciendas that would fuel
the rise of the first Filipino I anded elites and oligarchs.

Colonization also resulted i n the formation of racial and socioeconomic inequality in the society.
The most privileged and richest back then were the peninsulares or pure-blooded Spanish born i
n Europe, followed by the insulares or the pure-blooded Spanish born i n the Philippine i slands.
Beneath the two classes were the mestizos de espanol or inhabitants of mixed Spanish and
Malay ancestries, the mestizos de sangley or i nhabitants with mixed Chinese and Malay
ancestries, and tornatras or inhabitants with mixed European, Chinese, and Malay ancestries.
Lowest in the social hierarchy were the sangleys or the pure Chinese, the indios or the pure
Malays, and the Negritos or the pure Aetas. Meanwhile, native Filipinos who fled to the
mountains to resist i iving in Spanish-controlled pueblos were called remontados.

Much of i ndigenous culture was also wiped out

by the Spanish, especially by the friars. Many
precolonial i eaders i ike the datus and the
babaylans (religious i eaders) were persecuted
and forced to conspire with the colonial
government. Precolonial beliefs, art, and
literature were also replaced by Christianity.
Natives were indoctrinated to these new colonial
beliefs that justified the friars' abuses like
enormous tariffs, forced labor, iand grabbing, and
the perpetuation of gender discrimination
through religious doctrines.

Fig. 3. A painting of typical mestizos de

espanol

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 8
Philippine Politics and Governance Quipper School
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

Check Your Progress

How was the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines
organized?

Philippine Nationalism and the 1896 Philippine Revolution

The Filipino natives, however, did not take the oppression by the colonial government and the
church passively. As early as the 1620s, revolts in resistance to Christianity had been recorded,
usually i ed by datus and babaylans (e.g., Tamblot's revolt in 1621, Datu Bankaw"s revolt in
1622). There were also frequent local revolts regarding forced i abor and encomenderos (e.g.,
Basi revolt by Ilocanos i n 1807) and the unfair practices of friars (e.g., Dagohoy's revolt i n 1744).
Most of these revolts, however, were local and were not underpinned by the development of a
Filipino national i dentity.

Fig. 4. The GOMBURZA were three Filipino priests executed for subversion.

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 9
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

The most important catalysts for the development of a Filipino national i dentity and nationalism
were the ilustrados or the wealthy class of Filipinos (usually mestizos) who were able to study i n
Europe and who introduced i iberal democratic values in the country. Many of them, i ike Jose
Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, formed the Propaganda Movement, which
helped in raising awareness for a Filipino national identity and articulated the rights of Filipinos
to the government in Spain. They also wrote publications exposing and criticizing the abuses of
government officials and friars (e.g., Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo). Some of
them, however, campaigned only for reformation in Spain's policies and administration of the
Philippines and not for its full independence.

Fig. 5. The ilustrados i n Europe, including Jose Rizal, formed the Propaganda Movement.

Inspired by the Propaganda Movement, the Kataastaasang Kagalang-galang na Katipunan

ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Katipunan or KKK) took the forefront and facilitated the country's armed
struggle for national independence. The Katipunan was a secret revolutionary society founded in
1892 by the likes of Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, and Ladislao Diwa. In 1896, it was
discovered by Spanish authorities, i eading to the famous "Cry of Balintawak" that marked the
beginning of the Philippine Revolution.

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 10
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

Following American attacks on Manila brought by the Spanish-American War and after gaining
control of key areas nationwide, the Katipunan, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, declared Philippine i
ndependence on June 12, 1898 and established a revolutionary government. On September 15,
1898, the Malolos Congress , composed of appointees by Aguinaldo and several revolutionaries,
convened to write the Malolos Constitution, which, upon its ratification on January 21, 1899,
formally established the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic. Katipunan leader
Emilio Aguinaldo served as the president of the Republic.

g. 6- Members of the Katipunan

Fi

Philippine Independence and the Malolos Republic

The Malolos Republic was short-lived and was not formally recognized by colonial powers. For
instance, in December 1898, the Treaty of Paris facilitated Spain's turnover of the Philippines to
the United States. In 1901, the US forces captured Emilio Aguinaldo. Nevertheless, the Malolos
Republic was famous for being the first constitutional and democratic republic in Asia, with clear
democratic elements like separation of church and state and accountability of executive officials
to a national assembly. Reflecting the

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 11
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General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences ( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

liberal education of its drafters, the Malolos Constitution stipulated an extensive bill of rights
akin to the 1789 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. The Republic was also
remarkable for its constitutional stipulation of popular sovereignty, or that sovereignty rested
with the Filipino people and not with any colonial authorities in the country.

F
ig. 7. The Malolos Congress in Bulacan

The 1899 Malolos Constitution and Republic

The 1899 Malolos Constitution established a parliamentary system of government, meaning the
powers of the executive and the i egislative branch were i ntertwined. The president and his
cabinet were elected by and responsible to the members of the National Assembly (legislative),
which back then was unicameral, meaning i t was only composed of a single chamber. As such,
the National Assembly was envisioned to be superior over the executive branch (Agoncillo,
1996).

The Malolos Republic also had i ocal governments. Article 82 of the Malolos Constitution called
for the establishment of provincial and popular assemblies with lawmaking and

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 12
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

taxation powers. In addition, there were attempts at foreign relations with Emilio Aguinaldo
writing to the Sultanate of Sulu to communicate the Republic's claim on Sulu ("Evolution of the
Revolution", n.d.).

Many factors contributed to the demise of the Malolos Republic, the most crucial of which was
the involvement of American colonial forces that defeated the Republic in the Philippine-
American War and forced Aguinaldo to i ssue a proclamation of surrender to the United States
in 1901. The absence of i nternational support was also a huge factor i n the Republic's demise
(Escalante 1998, 453).

In addition, i nternal factors also played a role. The

historian Teodoro Agoncillo cited many defects that led
to the Republic's demise, which i ncludes the betrayal of
elite ilustrados and government officials to the cause of
the revolution, Aguinaldo's overconfidence with
American diplomats, and Aguinaldo's tolerance for
corruption within his military and elite government
officials (Escalante 1998, 453-456). For him, the
fundamental reason for the Republic's fall was the
betrayal it experienced from the elite Filipino caciques
such as Pedro Paterno, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, and
Felipe Buencamino, whose only commitment was to
enrich themselves (Agoncillo I960, 665).
Fig* 8 Emilio Aguinaldo, the president
While these elites provided the Republic's of the First Philippine Republic much-needed
intellectual and financial resources,
their patriotism was unreliable as some of them had sympathies with the American forces and
many of them conspired for the removal of the Republic's remaining radical leaders (e.g.,
Antonio Luna's assassination and Apolinario Mabini's ouster from the cabinet) (Escalante 1998,
456).

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 13
Philippine Politics and Governance Quipper School
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

I---------------------------------------------------------------------1

; p3In Philippine Context

! Read about the key points i n President Emilio Aguinaldo's address during the Malolos Constitution's
inauguration at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan.

Inaugural Address of President Aauinaldo. January 25,1899 Й1

Emilio Aguinaldo, “Inaugural Address of President Aguinaldo,
January, 23, 1899," Official Gazette of the Republic of the
Philippines,
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1899/01 /23/inaugural-addres
s-of-president-aguinaldo-january-23-1899/. i ast accessed on
January 9, 2021.

The ratification of the 1899 Malolos Constitution and the founding of the First Philippine
Republic meant a lot of things to General Emilio Aguinaldo, the first Philippine president. To
him, a national constitution that lays out the country's fundamental i aw and adherence to i
iberal democratic principles marked out our triumph as a people fighting for their right to self-
determination. According to him, that inauguration day marked the Filipinos' rebirth from
“revolutionaries" fending off foreign enemies into “republicans"—men of i aw upholding i
iberty and independence.

Furthermore, for President Aguinaldo, the 1899 Malolos Constitution crystallized our
membership in the nations of the world. For him, the special document also marked our
transition from an “anonymous" people into a fully-fledged i egitimate nation ready to unite
with other countries in upholding j ustice, truth, and human dignity. He proceeded to thank the
constitutional drafters for making it known around the world that i n this “unknown portion of
the world" (the Philippines), the democratic principles of the European and American
civilizations found a home.

He concluded by saying that the constitution bound together all Filipinos' hearts i nto a single
dream of never i iving under a foreign yoke again. He ended by saying, “Long live the Philippine
Republic! Long live the Constitution! Long i ive their i llustrious authors, the
Representatives of the first Philippine Congress!"
I_____________________________________________________________________I

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 14
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences
Quipper School
PREMIUM

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

& Wrap-Up
• The Philippines was a colony of Spain for over 300 years. It was led by a centralized
colonial government headed by the King of Spain.
• Locally, the governor-general served as the highest official in the country.
• Provinces, municipalities, and barangays were i ed by alcalde-mayores (and
corregidores), gobemadorcillos, and cabezas de barangay, respectively.
• The colonial government was marked by exploitation, abuses , clientelism, and church
influence.
• Spanish colonization resulted in the fragmentation of precolonial society and
communities, the racial and socioeconomic stratification of Philippine society, and the
wiping out of indigenous Philippine systems and culture.
• Many Filipinos revolted against Spanish colonial rule. The Propaganda Movement
served an important role in articulating a Filipino national identity and nationalism.
Meanwhile, the Katipunan launched the Philippine Revolution that led to Philippine
independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos
Republic.
• The short-lived Malolos Republic was the first constitutional and democratic republic
in Asia. It was governed by a parliamentary government, with Katipunan i eader Emilio
Aguinaldo serving as i ts president. The entrance of the United States in the country
and several internal problems i ed to i ts demise.

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 15
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

® Try This!
A. Identification. Choose the correct word from the word bank and write the correct answer on the
blank before each number.

separation of church and state Andres Bonifacio popular sovereignty

encomiendas Katipunan gobernadorcillos

peninsulares alcalde-mayores Propaganda Movement

governor-general indios Emilio Aguinaldo

1. The 1899 Malolos Constitution stipulated this principle as a direct

challenge to the authority of colonial forces in the Philippines.

2. This refers to the native Filipinos of pure Malay race who were at
the lowest end of society during the Spanish colonization of the
Philippines.

3. This i s the title of the highest official(s) who governed the

Philippines on behalf of the King of Spain.

4. The Philippine Revolution for independence was led by this secret

mass organization.

5. The Spanish colonial government split native Filipino communities

and divided their territories into these settlements.
6. He was the president of the First Philippine Republic.

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 16
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

_ 7. They were pure-blooded Spanish from Europe who were at the

top of society during the Spanish colonial period.

_ 8. Philippine nationalism was heavily developed by this group of

ilustrados who exposed and criticized the abuse of the Spanish colonial government and
the church.
_ 9. These government officials ruled over provincias or provinces
during the Spanish colonial period.

_ 10. These government officials ruled over pueblos or municipalities

during the Spanish colonial period.

B. True or False. Write true i f the statement i s correct. Otherwise, write false.

_ 1. Because of the inexperience i n state-building, the Malolos

Republic did not have any I ocal government units.

_ 2. The Spanish colonial government was centralized because all of

it was under the direct control and supervision of the King of Spain.
_ 3. Some native Filipinos were able to hold government positions
under the Spanish colonial government.

_ 4. The government of the Malolos Republic was presidential and

featured a national assembly with two chambers.

_ 5. The Malolos Congress led the Philippine Revolution for

independence.

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 17
 f

Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

’V’ Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions.

1. Why were friars considered powerful figures in politics and governance during the Spanish
colonial period?

2. Setting aside the looming i nvasion by the American forces, what could have been the
most urgent governance problem of the Malolos Republic?

3. Evaluate the young Malolos Republic's attempt at nation- and state-building. How
effective was it i n facilitating both?

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 18
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
( PREMIUM )

Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

Suggested Rubric for Grading

The rubric below i s a suggested one. Your teacher may modify the rubric based on your needs.
Consult your teacher for the final rubric.

Performance Levels
Suggested
Criteria 1 2 3 Score
Weight
Beginning Proficient Advanced
Proficiency Proficiency
Content The answers are clear but barely The answers are clear and sufficient.

sufficient. There are minor flaws in the The argumentations are excellent
The answers are unclear and

insufficient. There are major flaws in

argumentation.
x3
the argumentation.

Organization

The answers do not flow logically and The answers flow logically, but the

the parts are not clearly structured. parts are not clearly structured.
The answers flow logically, and the

parts are clearly structured.

*2

Syntax There are major errors i n sentence There are minor errors i n sentence

construction, grammar, and/or construction, grammar, and/or

spelling. spelling. There are virtually no errors in

sentence construction, grammar, *1

and/or spelling.

Total Possible Score 18

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 19
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

Reflect on This
Answer the following question briefly.

What were the I ong-lasting i mpacts of Spanish colonization on Philippine politics and
governance?

§ Bibliography
Agoncillo, Teodoro. The Revolt of the Masses. Quezon City: Philippine Studies Reprint Series,
University of the Philippines Press, 1960.

Caoili, Olivia. "The Philippine Legislature: From Pre-Spanish Times to the Eve of Martial Law." In
Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction, 1st Edition, edited by Noel Morada and Teresa
Encarnacion-Tadem, 249-278. Quezon City, University of the Philippines Department of Political
Science, 2006.

Escalante, Rene. "Collapse of the Malolos Republic." Philippine Studies 46, no. 4 (1998): 452-476.
Accessed January 3, 2020.
http://ojs.philippinestudies.net/index.php/ps/article/viewFile/705/707.

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 20
Study Guide

Philippine Politics and Governance

General Academic Strand I Humanities and Social Sciences Quipper School
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Unit 5: The Evolution of Philippine Politics

"Evolution of the Revolution." n.d. Presidential Museum and Library. Accessed January 3, 2020.
http://malacanang.gov. ph/7824-evolution-of-the-revolution/.

Rebullida, Ma. Lourdes & Cecilia Serrano. "Bureaucracy and Public Management in Democracy,
Development, and Governance in the Philippines." In Philippine Politics and
Governance: An Introduction, 1st Edition, edited by Noel Morada and Teresa
Encarnacion-Tadem, 271-248. Quezon City, University of the Philippines Department of
Political Science, 2006.

5.2. The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines and the Malolos Government 21