Nautical Physics and Electronics - I

Unit I : Mechanics
Unit II : Acoustics and Ultrasonic
Unit III : Optics
Unit IV : Electricity and Magnetism
Unit V : Electronics Devices and Applications
Wave motion is the transfer
of energy from one point of
the medium to another point
of the medium without actual
transport of matter between
two points.

Waves occur when a

system is disturbed from its
equilibrium position and
this disturbance travels or
propagate from one region
of the system to other.
 Mechanical Waves

The wave which needs material medium

for its propagation is called mechanical
 Electromagnetic Waves

The wave which does not need material

medium for its propagation is called
electromagnetic wave.
Sound waves
Terms in Transverse and Longitudinal
waves
 Mechanical Waves (Surface wave)
 Surface wave has characteristics of both longitudinal and transverse
waves
 Particles move in a direction that is both parallel and perpendicular to
the direction of wave motion
Mechanical Waves (Surface wave)

Transvers Direction of
e wave
Longitudinal
Properties of a Wave

• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Wavelength
• Period
• Velocity
Properties of a Wave
Amplitude (A) : Maximum
displacement of a particle in a wave
from its equilibrium position,
measured in meters.
Properties of a Wave
Frequency () : The number of
complete waves that pass a point in
one second  = 1/T, measured in
inverse seconds, or Hertz (Hz) .
Properties of a Wave
Wavelength () : The distance
between adjacent crests or distance
between two identical points on a
wave , measured in meters.
Properties of a Wave
Period (T) : The time it takes for one
complete wave to pass a given point,
measured in seconds.
Properties of a Wave
Velocity (v) : The distance travelled
by a wave in a medium in one second
is called the velocity of a wave.

Velocity = Distance travelled /

Time
 Velocity of transverse waves in a stretched
string
The velocity of propagation of a transverse wave in a stretched string
is given by

The velocity of the string is

a. directly proportional to the square root of the Tension force

b. inversely proportional to the square root of Linear mass density
 1m
 = m/L
L = 1m
String
=m

Where,

T = Tension in the string

 = Linear density (or) mass per unit length of the wire
L = Unit length of wire
Laws of transverse vibrations in stretched strings
There are three laws of transverse vibrations of
stretched strings
 = m/L
(i) The law of length (l) L = 1m
(ii) The law of tension (T) =m
(iii) The law of mass (m)
 (i) The law of length (l)

If the tension in the string and its mass per

unit length of wire remains constant, then the
frequency of transverse vibration of a
stretched string is inversely proportional to
the vibrating length.
 (ii) The law of Tension (T)

If the vibrating length and mass per unit

length of wire remain constant then, the
frequency of transverse vibration of a
stretched string is directly proportional to the
square root of the tension in the string.
 (iii) The law of mass (m)

If the vibrating length and tension in the string

remain constant then, the frequency of
transverse vibration of a stretched string is
inversely proportional to the square root of its
mass per unit length.
Combine the all the above three formula of transverse vibration
of stretched string.

Where k is
constant,
Sonometer
 Human sound
Produced
by
vocal cord vibration
Travelling Speed in different
medium
Classification of Sound based on
Frequency
 1
Wavelength =
Frequency
 Doppler’s effect
The phenomenon of the apparent change in the
frequency of sound due to the relative motion
between the source of sound and observer is called
Doppler’s effect.
Doppler Effect
The apparent change in frequency of
sound wave due to the relative
motion of source of sound and
observer is called Doppler’s effect.

Velocity = distance travelled the wave

time taken
= /t
= t
= n n=1/t
So, v= n

v= n  = v/n n = v/ 
 v= n  = v/n n = v/ 

If Source is in motion, concentrate If Observer is in motion, concentrate

on change of wavelength depends on change of frequency depends
upon that the velocity will change.. upon that the velocity will change..

’ = v/n n' = v/ 

Low High
Apparent Change of Frequency
n’ = v/ ’ n’ = v/ 

High Low
 1. When source of sound moves towards the Observer in rest
When source of sound moves towards observer in rest, then wavelength of sound
decreases. The apparent change in wavelength is given by

S
vs n’ = v/ ’ n’ = v/ 
’ = v/n  = v/n

So, frequency increases when source wave is towards the observer in rest.
 2. When source of sound moves away from the Observer in rest
When source of sound moves away from the observer in rest, the wavelength of
sound wave increases. Therefore, apparent change in wavelength is given by

S
n’ = v/ ’ n’ = v/ 
vs ’ = v/n  = v/n

So, frequency decreases then source moves away from the observer in rest.
 3. When observer moves towards the source in rest
When observer moves towards the source in stationary then relative velocity of
sound wave to the observer is increase v + vo.

O
n’ = v/ ’ n’ = v/ 
vo ’ = v/n  = v/n

So, frequency increases when observer moves towards the source in rest.
 4. When observer moves away from the source in rest
When observer moves away from the source in stationary then relative velocity of
sound wave to the observer is decreases v - vo.

O
n’ = v/ ’ n’ = v/ 
vo
’ = v/n  = v/n

So, frequency decreases when observer moves away from the source in rest.
 5. When source and observer moves towards each other
When the source and observer are approaching towards each other with the velocity
vs and vo respectively, then

S O
n’ = v/ ’ n’ = v/ 
vs vo
’ = v/n  = v/n

So, frequency increases when source and observer towards each other
 6. When source and observer moves away from each other
When the source and observer moves away from each other with the velocity v s and
vo respectively, then

S O
n’ = v/ ’ n’ = v/ 
’ = v/n  = v/n
vs vo

So, frequency decreases when source and observer moves away from each other
7. When source move towards observer and observer move away from source

When the source move towards observer and observer move away from source,
then

S O
n’ = v/ ’ n’ = v/ 
vs vo ’ = v/n  = v/n
 8. When source move away from observer and observer move towards source

When the source move away from observer and observer move towards source,
then

S O
n’ = v/ ’ n’ = v/ 

vs vo ’ = v/n  = v/n
At Rest Either Source or Observer
Both are under the motion
Ultrasonic
 Ultrasonic waves
(Introduction)

The frequency of ultrasound waves is

greater than 20000 hertz. Animals
have the natural ability to use it when
emitted as a wave in communal and
navigational perspective. However,
humans use ultrasound as well but not
without technical assistance and it is
used in many industrial and medical
 Properties of Ultrasonic

 The sound waves of frequency greater than 20 kHz are called

ultrasonic waves.
 These sound waves are inaudible to human ear.
 They are in longitudinal in nature.
 The ultrasonic waves due to their shorter wavelength and higher
frequency have a greater penetrating power.
 They just like ordinary sound waves, get reflected, refracted and
absorbed.
 Ultrasonic waves are widely used in medical diagnostics, marine
applications, etc.
Ultrasonic can be produced by means of
Mechanical oscillator
Megnetostriction oscillator
Piezoelectric oscillator
 Piezoelectric effect

When mechanical stress is applied on a pair of

opposite side of crystals like quartz equal and
opposite electric charge is developed on the pair
perpendicular and opposite sides of the crystal. This
effect is called piezoelectric effect.

Q.Crystal
Q.Crystal
Examples of
Piezoelectric
Materials
 Inverse piezoelectric effect

The piezoelectric effect is reversible, i.e when electric

field is applied on a pair of opposite faces of the
crystal, it undergoes mechanical deformation i.e it
expands and contracts periodically. This effect is
called inverse piezoelectric effect. This effect is used
for generating ultrasonic waves using piezoelectric
oscillator.
 Mechanical energy  Electrical
energy

Mechanical energy to electrical Electrical energy to mechanical

energy energy
Piezoelectric Oscillator
Construction and working
SONAR: Sound Navigation and Ranging
 The formula used
Velocity = Distance travelled / Time taken

V= PR + RQ
T

PR = RQ = RO
P O Q
V= OR + OR
T

V= 2OR
T

where OR is depth of sea (D)

V= 2D
T
R
where
V = Speed of sound
2D = Total distance traveled
T = Time taken

D= VT
2
Few animals such as bats and frogs have the ability to use
ultrasound to communicate with each other.

These waves hit the surrounding and bounce back allowing

bats to get an exact map of the surrounding.
INDUSTRY FIELD
Finding Defect
 Ultrasonic Welding

The vibrations create frictional

heat that causes the materials to
melt and flow together
Ultrasonic Scanning
Lithotripsy
(Removing of kidney Stone)
Lithotripsy
(Removing of kidney Stone)
Lithotripsy
(Removing of kidney Stone)
Lithotripsy
(Removing of kidney Stone)
Lithotripsy
(Removing of kidney Stone)
Lithotripsy
(Removing of kidney Stone)
End